Materials for electronic devices

ABSTRACT

The present application relates to a polymer containing at least one structural unit of a formula (I). The polymer is suitable for use in an electronic device.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage entry, filed pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 371, of PCT/EP2018/066074, filed Jun. 18, 2018, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 17177211.4, filed Jun. 21, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The present application relates to a polymer containing at least one structural unit of a formula (I) as defined below. The polymer is suitable for use in an electronic device.

Electronic devices in the context of this application are understood to mean what are called organic electronic devices, which contain organic semiconductor materials as functional materials. More particularly, these are understood to mean OLEDs. The term OLEDs is understood to mean electronic devices which have one or more layers comprising organic compounds and which emit light on application of electrical voltage. The construction and general principle of function of OLEDs are known to those skilled in the art.

In electronic devices, especially OLEDs, there is great interest in improving the performance data, especially lifetime, efficiency and operating voltage. In these aspects, it has not yet been possible to find any entirely satisfactory solution.

There is therefore a continuing search for novel materials, especially polymers, for use in OLEDs.

In the case of OLEDs, two important methods of applying the materials in layer form are known: application from the gas phase, by sublimation, and application from solution. For the latter method, suitable materials include polymers.

For the preparation of polymers of this kind, it is important that the polymers and the monomers used have good solubility, since it is otherwise not possible to obtain polymers having high chain lengths.

When the polymers are applied from solution in the production of the OLEDs, it is important that they have good solubility in the solvents used. It is also important that they dissolve rapidly in the solvents used. It is also important that they have good film-forming properties.

A factor of particular significance in the case of use of polymers in OLEDs is that they bring about a long lifetime and efficiency of the device. This is especially true when polymers are used in the hole-transporting layer of the OLED, in combination with a subsequent emitting layer which is likewise applied from solution.

It is also important that the polymers are of maximum chemical stability and do not break down.

It has now been found that at least one, preferably more than one, of the abovementioned technical problems can be solved by the provision of a novel polymer containing particular structural units as defined below.

The present application thus provides a polymer containing at least one structural unit of the formula (I)

where the variables that occur are as follows:

U is the same or different at each instance and is C(R¹)₂, CR¹═CR¹, Si(R¹)₂, O or S, where groups selected from CR¹═CR¹, O and S are not bonded directly to one another;

Z is the same or different at each instance and is N or CR² when no group is bonded thereto, and is C when a group is bonded thereto;

Ar¹, Ar², Ar³, Ar⁴ and Ar⁵ are the same or different and are selected from heteroaromatic ring systems which have 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R³ radicals, and from aromatic ring systems which have 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R³ radicals;

R¹ is the same or different at each instance and is selected from H, D, F, C(═O)R⁴, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, N(R⁴)₂, P(═O)(R⁴)₂, OR⁴, S(═O)R⁴, S(═O)₂R⁴, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; where two or more R¹ or R² or R³ radicals may be joined to one another and may form a ring; where the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups mentioned and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may each be substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and where one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups mentioned may be replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁴—, NR⁴, P(═O)(R⁴), —O—, —S—, SO or SO₂;

R², R³ are the same or different at each instance and are selected from H, D, F, C(═O)R⁴, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, N(R⁴)₂, P(═O)(R⁴)₂, OR⁴, S(═O)R⁴, S(═O)₂R⁴, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; where two or more R¹ or R² or R³ radicals may be joined to one another and may form a ring; where the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups mentioned and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may each be substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and where one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups mentioned may be replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁴—, NR⁴, P(═O)(R⁴), —O—, —S—, SO or SO₂;

R⁴ is the same or different at each instance and is selected from H, D, F, C(═O)R⁵, CN, Si(R⁵)₃, N(R⁵)₂, P(═O)(R⁵)₂, OR⁵, S(═O)R⁵, S(═O)₂R⁵, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; where two or more R⁴ radicals may be joined to one another and may form a ring; where the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups mentioned and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may each be substituted by one or more R⁵ radicals; and where one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups mentioned may be replaced by —R⁵C═CR⁵—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁵)₂, C═O, C═NR⁵, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁵—, NR⁵, P(═O)(R⁵), —O—, —S—, SO or SO₂;

R⁵ is the same or different at each instance and is selected from H, D, F, CN, alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; where two or more R⁵ radicals may be joined to one another and may form a ring; and where the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may be substituted by F or CN;

r is 1, 2 or 3 when p is 1, and is 1 when p is 0;

s is 0, 1, 2 or 3 when q is 1, and is 1 when q is 0;

p is 0 or 1; where, when p is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index p are bonded directly to one another;

q is 0 or 1; where, when q is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index q are bonded directly to one another;

n is 0 or 1, where, when n is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index n are bonded directly to one another;

m is 0 or 1, where, when m is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index m are bonded directly to one another,

o is 0 or 1, where, when o is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index o are bonded directly to one another;

i is the same or different at each instance and is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8;

where at least one U group containing one or more R¹ groups selected from straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms is present; where two or more R¹ or R² or R³ radicals may be joined to one another and may form a ring; where the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups mentioned and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may each be substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and where one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups mentioned may be replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁴—, NR⁴, P(═O)(R⁴), —O—, —S—, SO or SO₂.

In the formulae for structural units, the dotted lines indicate the bonds to adjacent structural units of the polymer.

In the present application, the term “polymer” encompasses polymeric compounds, oligomeric compounds and dendrimers. The polymers of the invention have preferably 10 to 10,000, more preferably 10 to 5,000 and most preferably 10 to 2,000 structural units (i.e. repeat units). The oligomeric compounds of the invention preferably have 3 to 9 structural units. The branching factor of the polymers is between 0 (linear polymer, no branching sites) and 1 (fully branched dendrimer).

The polymers of the invention preferably have a molecular weight M_(w) in the range from 10,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol, more preferably a molecular weight M_(w) in the range from 20,000 to 500,000 g/mol and most preferably a molecular weight M_(w) in the range from 25,000 to 200,000 g/mol. The molecular weight M_(w) is determined by means of GPC (=gel permeation chromatography) against an internal polystyrene standard.

The polymers of the invention are conjugated, semi-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers. Preference is given to conjugated or semi-conjugated polymers.

According to the invention, the structural units of the formula (I) may be incorporated into the main chain or side chain of the polymer. Preferably, however, the structural units of the formula (I) are incorporated into the main chain of the polymer. In the case of incorporation into the side chain of the polymer, the structural units of the formula (I) may either be mono- or bivalent, meaning that they have either one or two bonds to adjacent structural units in the polymer.

“Conjugated polymers” in the context of the present application are polymers containing mainly sp²-hybridized (or else optionally sp-hybridized) carbon atoms in the main chain, which may also be replaced by correspondingly hybridized heteroatoms. In the simplest case, this means the alternating presence of double and single bonds in the main chain, but polymers having units such as a meta-bonded phenylene, for example, should also be regarded as conjugated polymers in the context of this application. “Mainly” means that defects that occur naturally (involuntarily) and lead to interrupted conjugation do not make the term “conjugated polymer” inapplicable. Conjugated polymers are likewise considered to be polymers having a conjugated main chain and non-conjugated side chains.

In addition, the present application likewise refers to conjugation when, for example, arylamine units, arylphosphine units, particular heterocycles (i.e. conjugation via nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms) and/or organometallic complexes (i.e. conjugation by the metal atom) are present in the main chain. The same applies to conjugated dendrimers. In contrast, units such as simple alkyl bridges, (thio)ether, ester, amide or imide linkages, for example, are unambiguously defined as non-conjugated segments.

A semi-conjugated polymer shall be understood in the present application to mean a polymer containing conjugated regions separated from one another by non-conjugated sections, deliberate conjugation breakers (for example spacer groups) or branches, for example in which comparatively long conjugated sections in the main chain are interrupted by non-conjugated sections, or containing comparatively long conjugated sections in the side chains of a polymer non-conjugated in the main chain. Conjugated and semi-conjugated polymers may also contain conjugated, semi-conjugated or non-conjugated dendrimers.

The term “dendrimer” in the present application shall be understood to mean a highly branched compound formed from a multifunctional core to which monomers branched in a regular structure are bonded, such that a tree-like structure is obtained. In this case, both the core and the monomers may assume any desired branched structures consisting both of purely organic units and organometallic compounds or coordination compounds. “Dendrimeric” shall generally be understood here as described, for example, by M. Fischer and F. Vögtle (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 885).

The term “structural unit” in the present application is understood to mean a unit that occurs multiple times with the structure specified in the polymer. It may occur more than once in direct succession and/or in isolated form in the polymer. Preferably, a multitude of structural units having the structure specified occur in the polymer, more preferably 10 to 1000, most preferably 50 to 500.

Further preferably, a structural unit in the context of the present application is derived from a monomer used in the polymerization in that the reactive groups of the monomer have reacted in accordance with their chemical reactivity and purpose. For example, in the case of a monomer containing two bromine atoms as reactive groups in a Suzuki polymerization reaction, the structural unit formed in the polymer is characterized in that it corresponds to the monomer structure, except that the bromine atoms are absent and the bonds to the bromine atoms are now bonds to the adjacent structural units. In the case of monomers containing crosslinker groups or precursor groups for crosslinker groups, it is possible here for one or more further reactions of the crosslinker group or of the corresponding precursor groups of the crosslinker group to proceed until the corresponding ultimate structural unit of the polymer is obtained.

An aryl group in the context of this invention contains 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms of which none is a heteroatom. An aryl group in the context of this invention is understood to mean either a simple aromatic cycle, i.e. benzene, or a fused aromatic polycycle, for example naphthalene, phenanthrene or anthracene. A fused aromatic polycycle in the context of the present application consists of two or more simple aromatic cycles fused to one another. Fusion between cycles is understood here to mean that the cycles share at least one edge with one another.

A heteroaryl group in the context of this invention contains 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms of which at least one is a heteroatom. The heteroatoms of the heteroaryl group are preferably selected from N, O and S. A heteroaryl group in the context of this invention is understood to mean either a simple heteroaromatic cycle, for example pyridine, pyrimidine or thiophene, or a fused heteroaromatic polycycle, for example quinoline or carbazole. A fused heteroaromatic polycycle in the context of the present application consists of two or more simple heteroaromatic cycles fused to one another. Fusion between cycles is understood here to mean that the cycles share at least one edge with one another.

An aryl or heteroaryl group, each of which may be substituted by the abovementioned radicals and which may be joined to the aromatic or heteroaromatic system via any desired positions, is especially understood to mean groups derived from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, dihydropyrene, chrysene, perylene, triphenylene, fluoranthene, benzanthracene, benzophenanthrene, tetracene, pentacene, benzopyrene, furan, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, dibenzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, pyrrole, indole, isoindole, carbazole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, phenanthridine, benzo-5,6-quinoline, benzo-6,7-quinoline, benzo-7,8-quinoline, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, pyrazole, indazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, naphthimidazole, phenanthrimidazole, pyridimidazole, pyrazinimidazole, quinoxalinimidazole, oxazole, benzoxazole, naphthoxazole, anthroxazole, phenanthroxazole, isoxazole, 1,2-thiazole, 1,3-thiazole, benzothiazole, pyridazine, benzopyridazine, pyrimidine, benzopyrimidine, quinoxaline, pyrazine, phenazine, naphthyridine, azacarbazole, benzocarboline, phenanthroline, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, benzotriazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, tetrazole, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, purine, pteridine, indolizine and benzothiadiazole.

An aromatic ring system in the context of this invention contains 6 to 40 carbon atoms in the ring system and does not include any heteroatoms as aromatic ring atoms. An aromatic ring system in the context of this invention therefore does not contain any heteroaryl groups. An aromatic ring system in the context of this invention shall be understood to mean a system which does not necessarily contain only aryl groups but in which it is also possible for a plurality of aryl groups to be bonded by a single bond or by a non-aromatic unit, for example one or more optionally substituted C, Si, N, O or S atoms. In this case, the non-aromatic unit comprises preferably less than 10% of the atoms other than H, based on the total number of atoms other than H in the system. For example, systems such as 9,9′-spirobifluorene, 9,9′-diarylfluorene, triarylamine, diaryl ethers and stilbene are also to be regarded as aromatic ring systems in the context of this invention, and likewise systems in which two or more aryl groups are joined, for example, by a linear or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group or by a silyl group. In addition, systems in which two or more aryl groups are joined to one another via single bonds are also regarded as aromatic ring systems in the context of this invention, for example systems such as biphenyl and terphenyl.

Preferably, an aromatic ring system is understood to mean a chemical group in which the aryl groups present therein are conjugated to one another. This means that the aryl groups present must be bonded to one another via single bonds or via connecting units having a free pi electron pair that can take part in the conjugation. Connecting units here are preferably selected from nitrogen atoms, individual C═C units, individual C≡C units, multiple C═C units conjugated to one another and/or C≡C units, —O—, and —S—.

A heteroaromatic ring system in the context of this invention contains 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, at least one of which is a heteroatom. The heteroatoms of the heteroaromatic ring system are preferably selected from N, O and/or S. A heteroaromatic ring system corresponds to the abovementioned definition of an aromatic ring system, but has at least one heteroatom as one of the aromatic ring atoms. In this way, it differs from an aromatic ring system in the sense of the definition of the present application, which, according to this definition, cannot contain any heteroatom as aromatic ring atom.

An aromatic ring system having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms or a heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms is especially understood to mean groups derived from the groups mentioned above under aryl groups and heteroaryl groups, and from biphenyl, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, fluorene, spirobifluorene, dihydrophenanthrene, dihydropyrene, tetrahydropyrene, indenofluorene, truxene, isotruxene, spirotruxene, spiroisotruxene, indenocarbazole, or from combinations of these groups.

In the context of the present invention, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms and an alkenyl or alkynyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms in which individual hydrogen atoms or CH₂ groups may also be substituted by the groups mentioned above in the definition of the radicals are preferably understood to mean the methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, I-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, cyclopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, neohexyl, n-heptyl, cycloheptyl, n-octyl, cyclooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, cyclopentenyl, hexenyl, cyclohexenyt, heptenyl, cycloheptenyl, octenyl, cyclooctenyl, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl or octynyl radicals.

Preferred alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms are depicted in the following table:

An alkoxy or thioalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in which individual hydrogen atoms or CH₂ groups may also be replaced by the groups mentioned above in the definition of the radicals is preferably understood to mean methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, I-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, s-pentoxy, 2-methylbutoxy, n-hexoxy, cyclohexyloxy, n-heptoxy, cycloheptyloxy, n-octyloxy, cyclooctyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, pentafluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, i-propylthio, n-butylthio, i-butylthio, s-butylthio, t-butylthio, n-pentylthio, s-pentylthio, n-hexylthio, cyclohexylthio, n-heptylthio, cycloheptylthio, n-octylthio, cyclooctylthio, 2-ethylhexylthio, trifluoromethylthio, pentafluoroethylthio, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio, ethenylthio, propenylthio, butenylthio, pentenylthio, cyclopentenylthio, hexenylthio, cyclohexenylthio, heptenylthio, cycloheptenylthio, octenylthio, cyclooctenylthio, ethynylthio, propynylthio, butynylthio, pentenylthio, hexenylthio, heptynylthio or octynylthio.

The wording that two or more radicals together may form a ring, in the context of the present application, shall be understood to mean, inter alia, that the two radicals are joined to one another by a chemical bond. In addition, however, the abovementioned wording shall also be understood to mean that, if one of the two radicals is hydrogen, the second radical binds to the position to which the hydrogen atom was bonded, forming a ring.

Preferably, U is the same or different at each instance and is selected from C(R¹)₂, O and S; more preferably, U is C(R¹)₂.

Preferably, Z is CR² when no group is bonded thereto, and it is C when a group is bonded thereto.

Preferably, Ar¹, Ar², Ar³, Ar⁴ and Ar⁵ are the same or different at each instance and are selected from aromatic ring systems which have 6 to 25 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹ radicals, and from heteroaromatic ring systems which have 5 to 25 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R² radicals. More preferably, Ar¹, Ar², Ar³, Ar⁴ and Ar⁵ are the same or different at each instance and are selected from benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, indenofluorene, spirobifluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, indenocarbazole and indolocarbazole, each of which may be substituted by one or more R¹ radicals. Even more preferably, Ar⁴ and Ar⁵ are benzene which may be substituted by one or more R¹ radicals. Even more preferably, Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³ are the same or different at each instance and are selected from benzene, biphenyl, fluorene, phenanthrene, indenofluorene and spirobifluorene, which may be substituted by one or more R¹ radicals. Most preferably, Ar¹ and Ar³ are selected from benzene which may be substituted by one or more R¹ radicals.

Preferred Ar¹ to Ar⁵ groups are selected from the following groups:

where the dotted lines represent the attachment positions, and

where an R³ group bonded to an aromatic ring in a non-specific manner means that an R³ group may be bonded in each case to the ring in question in any unoccupied position.

Preferred embodiments of the abovementioned A1 to A10 groups are shown below:

where the dotted lines represent the attachment positions.

R¹ is preferably the same or different at each instance and is selected from H, D, F, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, OR⁴, straight-chain alkyl and alkoxy groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl and alkoxy groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and aromatic ring systems having 6 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, where two or more R¹ or R² or R³ radicals may be joined to one another and may form a ring; and where the alkyl and alkoxy groups mentioned and the aromatic ring systems mentioned may each be substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals. More preferably, R¹ is the same or different at each instance and is selected from H, D, F, straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Even more preferably, R¹ is selected from straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and branched alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

It is particularly preferable that those two U groups that are directly adjacent to the bridgehead carbon atom, i.e. are in the benzylic position, bear R¹ radicals that are not H or D, preferably R¹ radicals selected from F, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, OR⁴, straight-chain alkyl and alkoxy groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl and alkoxy groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and aromatic ring systems having 6 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, where two or more R¹ or R² or R³ radicals may be joined to one another and may form a ring; and where the alkyl and alkoxy groups mentioned and the aromatic ring systems mentioned may each be substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals.

In a preferred embodiment, the structural unit of the formula (I) contains at least one U group having two R¹ groups that are joined to one another and form a ring, such that the U group is a spiro atom. Preferably, the rings formed at a U group by two R¹ groups are selected from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, fluorene, dibenzopyran, dihydroacridine and pyran.

Preferred

units in the structural unit of the formula (I) are selected from units of the following formula:

where the free bond is the bond to the rest of the structural unit of the formula (I).

In addition, it is preferable that the abovementioned unit is selected from units of the following formulae:

where the corresponding free positions may each be substituted by an R² radical, and where the dotted line is the bond to the rest of the structural unit of the formula (I).

It is especially preferable that the abovementioned units of the formulae E-a to E-c are selected from the following units:

where the free bond is the bond to the rest of the structural unit of the formula (I), and where units E-a-1 and E-b-1 are particularly preferred among the units mentioned, and unit E-a-1 is the most preferred.

Preferred embodiments of the E-a, E-b and E-c units are the following

where the dotted line represents the bond to the rest of the structural unit of the formula (I), and where the semicircular bond means that the two R¹ groups involved are joined to one another and form a ring.

Particularly preferred

units are selected from the following formulae:

where the dotted line is the bond to the rest of the structural unit of the formula (I). Preferably, in the abovementioned formulae, the bond to the rest of the structural unit is localized in the position meta and para to the two U groups, as shown in the E-1 unit.

Most preferred among the formulae shown above is formula b.

R² is preferably the same or different at each instance and is selected from H, D, F, straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, where the alkyl groups, aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may each be substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals. More preferably, R² is the same or different at each instance and is selected from H and straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and branched alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

R³ is preferably the same or different at each instance and is selected from H, D, F, straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, where the alkyl groups, aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may each be substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals. More preferably, R³ is the same or different at each instance and is selected from H and straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and branched alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

R⁴ is preferably the same or different at each instance and is selected from H, D, F, CN, Si(R⁵)₃, OR⁵, straight-chain alkyl and alkoxy groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched alkyl and alkoxy groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, where two or more R⁴ radicals may be joined to one another and may form a ring; and where the alkyl and alkoxy groups mentioned and the aromatic and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may each be substituted by one or more R⁵ radicals.

Index r is preferably 1 or 2, more preferably 1.

Index s is preferably 1 or 2, more preferably 1.

Index p is preferably 1.

Index q is preferably 1.

Index n is preferably 0.

Index m is preferably 1.

Index o is preferably 1.

Index i is preferably 1, 2 or 3, more preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 1.

Preferred embodiments of the structural element of the formula (I) are selected from the structural elements of the formulae (I-1) to (I-6)

Among the abovementioned formulae, particular preference is given to the formula (I-1).

Preferred structural units of the formula (I) are the structural units shown in the table which follows, in which the variables Ar¹ to Ar⁵, m, n, o, p, q, r and s that occur in formula (I) are selected as shown below, and in which the structural unit

is selected from one of the formulae specified below.

Structural corresponds unit Ar¹ Ar² Ar³ Ar⁴ Ar⁵ to formula m n o p q r s M1 A1 A1 a 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M2 A1 A1 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M3 A1 A1 c 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M4 A1 A1 d 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M5 A1 A1 e 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M6 A1 A1 f 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M7 A1 A1 g 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M8 A1 A1 h 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M9 A1 A1 i 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M10 A1 A1 j 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M11 A1 A1 k 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M12 A1 A1 l 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M13 A1 A1 m 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M14 A1 A1 n 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M15 A1 A1 o 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M16 A1 A1 p 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M17 A1 A1 q 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M18 A1 A1 r 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M19 A1 A1 s 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M20 A1 A1 t 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M21 A1 A1 u 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M22 A1 A1 v 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M23 A1 A1 w 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M24 A1 A1 x 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M25 A1 A1 y 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M26 A1 A1 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M27 A1 A1 aa 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M28 A1 A1 ab 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M29 A1 A1 ac 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M30 A1 A1 ad 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M31 A1 A1 ae 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M32 A1 A1 af 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M33 A1 A1 ag 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M34 A1 A1 ah 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M35 A1 A1 ai 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M36 A1 A1 aj 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M37 A1 A1 ak 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M38 A1 A1 al 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M39 A1 A1 am 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M40 A1 A1 an 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M41 A1 A1 ao 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M42 A1 A1 ap 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M43 A1 A1 aq 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M44 A1 A1 ar 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M45 A1 A1 as 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M46 A1 A1 at 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M47 A1 A1 au 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M48 A1 A1 av 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M49 A1 A1 aw 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M50 A1 A1 ax 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M51 A1 A1 ay 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M52 A1 A1 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M53 A1 A1 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M54 A1 A1 bb 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M55 A1 A1 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M56 A1 A1 bd 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M57 A2 A2 a 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M58 A2 A2 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M59 A2 A2 c 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M60 A2 A2 d 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M61 A2 A2 e 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M62 A2 A2 f 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M63 A2 A2 g 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M64 A2 A2 h 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M65 A2 A2 i 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M66 A2 A2 j 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M67 A2 A2 k 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M68 A2 A2 l 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M69 A2 A2 m 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M70 A2 A2 n 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M71 A2 A2 o 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M72 A2 A2 p 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M73 A2 A2 q 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M74 A2 A2 r 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M75 A2 A2 s 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M76 A2 A2 t 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M77 A2 A2 u 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M78 A2 A2 v 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M79 A2 A2 w 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M80 A2 A2 x 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M81 A2 A2 y 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M82 A2 A2 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M83 A2 A2 aa 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M84 A2 A2 ab 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M85 A2 A2 ac 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M86 A2 A2 ad 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M87 A2 A2 ae 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M88 A2 A2 af 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M89 A2 A2 ag 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M90 A2 A2 ah 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M91 A2 A2 ai 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M92 A2 A2 aj 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M93 A2 A2 ak 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M94 A2 A2 al 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M95 A2 A2 am 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M96 A2 A2 an 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M97 A2 A2 ao 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M98 A2 A2 ap 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M99 A2 A2 aq 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M100 A2 A2 ar 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M101 A2 A2 as 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M102 A2 A2 at 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M103 A2 A2 au 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M104 A2 A2 av 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M105 A2 A2 aw 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M106 A2 A2 ax 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M107 A2 A2 ay 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M108 A2 A2 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M109 A2 A2 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M110 A2 A2 bb 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M111 A2 A2 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M112 A2 A2 bd 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M113 A3 A3 a 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M114 A3 A3 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M115 A3 A3 c 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M116 A3 A3 d 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M117 A3 A3 e 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M118 A3 A3 f 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M119 A3 A3 g 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M120 A3 A3 h 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M121 A3 A3 i 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M122 A3 A3 j 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M123 A3 A3 k 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M124 A3 A3 l 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M125 A3 A3 m 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M126 A3 A3 n 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M127 A3 A3 o 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M128 A3 A3 p 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M129 A3 A3 q 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M130 A3 A3 r 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M131 A3 A3 s 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M132 A3 A3 t 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M133 A3 A3 u 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M134 A3 A3 v 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M135 A3 A3 w 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M136 A3 A3 x 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M137 A3 A3 y 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M138 A3 A3 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M139 A3 A3 aa 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M140 A3 A3 ab 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M141 A3 A3 ac 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M142 A3 A3 ad 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M143 A3 A3 ae 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M144 A3 A3 af 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M145 A3 A3 ag 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M146 A3 A3 ah 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M147 A3 A3 ai 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M148 A3 A3 aj 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M149 A3 A3 ak 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M150 A3 A3 al 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M151 A3 A3 am 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M152 A3 A3 an 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M153 A3 A3 ao 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M154 A3 A3 ap 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M155 A3 A3 aq 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M156 A3 A3 ar 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M157 A3 A3 as 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M158 A3 A3 at 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M159 A3 A3 au 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M160 A3 A3 av 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M161 A3 A3 aw 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M162 A3 A3 ax 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M163 A3 A3 ay 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M164 A3 A3 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M165 A3 A3 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M166 A3 A3 bb 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M167 A3 A3 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M168 A3 A3 bd 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M169 A4 A4 a 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M170 A4 A4 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M171 A4 A4 c 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M172 A4 A4 d 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M173 A4 A4 e 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M174 A4 A4 f 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M175 A4 A4 g 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M176 A4 A4 h 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M177 A4 A4 i 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M178 A4 A4 j 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M179 A4 A4 k 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M180 A4 A4 l 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M181 A4 A4 m 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M182 A4 A4 n 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M183 A4 A4 o 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M184 A4 A4 p 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M185 A4 A4 q 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M186 A4 A4 r 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M187 A4 A4 s 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M188 A4 A4 t 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M189 A4 A4 u 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M190 A4 A4 v 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M191 A4 A4 w 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M192 A4 A4 x 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M193 A4 A4 y 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M194 A4 A4 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M195 A4 A4 aa 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M196 A4 A4 ab 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M197 A4 A4 ac 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M198 A4 A4 ad 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M199 A4 A4 ae 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M200 A4 A4 af 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M201 A4 A4 ag 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M202 A4 A4 ah 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M203 A4 A4 ai 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M204 A4 A4 aj 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M205 A4 A4 ak 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M206 A4 A4 al 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M207 A4 A4 am 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M208 A4 A4 an 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M209 A4 A4 ao 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M210 A4 A4 ap 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M211 A4 A4 aq 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M212 A4 A4 ar 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M213 A4 A4 as 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M214 A4 A4 at 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M215 A4 A4 au 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M216 A4 A4 av 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M217 A4 A4 aw 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M218 A4 A4 ax 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M219 A4 A4 ay 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M220 A4 A4 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M221 A4 A4 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M222 A4 A4 bb 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M223 A4 A4 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M224 A4 A4 bd 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M225 A5 A5 a 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M226 A5 A5 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M227 A5 A5 c 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M228 A5 A5 d 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M229 A5 A5 e 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M230 A5 A5 f 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M231 A5 A5 g 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M232 A5 A5 h 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M233 A5 A5 i 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M234 A5 A5 j 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M235 A5 A5 k 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M236 A5 A5 l 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M237 A5 A5 m 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M238 A5 A5 n 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M239 A5 A5 o 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M240 A5 A5 p 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M241 A5 A5 q 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M242 A5 A5 r 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M243 A5 A5 s 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M244 A5 A5 t 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M245 A5 A5 u 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M246 A5 A5 v 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M247 A5 A5 w 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M248 A5 A5 x 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M249 A5 A5 y 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M250 A5 A5 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M251 A5 A5 aa 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M252 A5 A5 ab 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M253 A5 A5 ac 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M254 A5 A5 ad 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M255 A5 A5 ae 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M256 A5 A5 af 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M257 A5 A5 ag 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M258 A5 A5 ah 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M259 A5 A5 ai 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M260 A5 A5 aj 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M261 A5 A5 ak 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M262 A5 A5 al 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M263 A5 A5 am 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M264 A5 A5 an 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M265 A5 A5 ao 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M266 A5 A5 ap 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M267 A5 A5 aq 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M268 A5 A5 ar 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M269 A5 A5 as 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M270 A5 A5 at 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M271 A5 A5 au 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M272 A5 A5 av 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M273 A5 A5 aw 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M274 A5 A5 ax 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M275 A5 A5 ay 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M276 A5 A5 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M277 A5 A5 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M278 A5 A5 bb 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M279 A5 A5 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M280 A5 A5 bd 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M281 A6 A6 a 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M282 A6 A6 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M283 A6 A6 c 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M284 A6 A6 d 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M285 A6 A6 e 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M286 A6 A6 f 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M287 A6 A6 g 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M288 A6 A6 h 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M289 A6 A6 i 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M290 A6 A6 j 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M291 A6 A6 k 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M292 A6 A6 l 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M293 A6 A6 m 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M294 A6 A6 n 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M295 A6 A6 o 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M296 A6 A6 p 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M297 A6 A6 q 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M298 A6 A6 r 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M299 A6 A6 s 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M300 A6 A6 t 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M301 A6 A6 u 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M302 A6 A6 v 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M303 A6 A6 w 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M304 A6 A6 x 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M305 A6 A6 y 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M306 A6 A6 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M307 A6 A6 aa 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M308 A6 A6 ab 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M309 A6 A6 ac 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M310 A6 A6 ad 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M311 A6 A6 ae 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M312 A6 A6 af 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M313 A6 A6 ag 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M314 A6 A6 ah 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M315 A6 A6 ai 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M316 A6 A6 aj 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M317 A6 A6 ak 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M318 A6 A6 al 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M319 A6 A6 am 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M320 A6 A6 an 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M321 A6 A6 ao 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M322 A6 A6 ap 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M323 A6 A6 aq 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M324 A6 A6 ar 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M325 A6 A6 as 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M326 A6 A6 at 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M327 A6 A6 au 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M328 A6 A6 av 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M329 A6 A6 aw 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M330 A6 A6 ax 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M331 A6 A6 ay 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M332 A6 A6 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M333 A6 A6 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M334 A6 A6 bb 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M335 A6 A6 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M336 A6 A6 bd 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M337 A7 A7 a 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M338 A7 A7 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M339 A7 A7 c 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M340 A7 A7 d 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M341 A7 A7 e 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M342 A7 A7 f 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M343 A7 A7 g 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M344 A7 A7 h 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M345 A7 A7 i 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M346 A7 A7 j 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M347 A7 A7 k 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M348 A7 A7 l 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M349 A7 A7 m 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M350 A7 A7 n 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M351 A7 A7 o 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M352 A7 A7 p 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M353 A7 A7 q 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M354 A7 A7 r 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M355 A7 A7 s 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M356 A7 A7 t 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M357 A7 A7 u 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M358 A7 A7 v 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M359 A7 A7 w 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M360 A7 A7 x 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M361 A7 A7 y 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M362 A7 A7 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M363 A7 A7 aa 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M364 A7 A7 ab 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M365 A7 A7 ac 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M366 A7 A7 ad 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M367 A7 A7 ae 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M368 A7 A7 af 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M369 A7 A7 ag 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M370 A7 A7 ah 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M371 A7 A7 ai 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M372 A7 A7 aj 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M373 A7 A7 ak 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M374 A7 A7 al 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M375 A7 A7 am 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M376 A7 A7 an 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M377 A7 A7 ao 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M378 A7 A7 ap 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M379 A7 A7 aq 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M380 A7 A7 ar 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M381 A7 A7 as 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M382 A7 A7 at 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M383 A7 A7 au 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M384 A7 A7 av 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M385 A7 A7 aw 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M386 A7 A7 ax 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M387 A7 A7 ay 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M388 A7 A7 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M389 A7 A7 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M390 A7 A7 bb 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M391 A7 A7 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M392 A7 A7 bd 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M393 A8 A8 a 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M394 A8 A8 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M395 A8 A8 c 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M396 A8 A8 d 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M397 A8 A8 e 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M398 A8 A8 f 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M399 A8 A8 g 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M400 A8 A8 h 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M401 A8 A8 i 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M402 A8 A8 j 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M403 A8 A8 k 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M404 A8 A8 l 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M405 A8 A8 m 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M406 A8 A8 n 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M407 A8 A8 o 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M408 A8 A8 p 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M409 A8 A8 q 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M410 A8 A8 r 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M411 A8 A8 s 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M412 A8 A8 t 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M413 A8 A8 u 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M414 A8 A8 v 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M415 A8 A8 w 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M416 A8 A8 x 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M417 A8 A8 y 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M418 A8 A8 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M419 A8 A8 aa 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M420 A8 A8 ab 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M421 A8 A8 ac 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M422 A8 A8 ad 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M423 A8 A8 ae 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M424 A8 A8 af 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M425 A8 A8 ag 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M426 A8 A8 ah 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M427 A8 A8 ai 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M428 A8 A8 aj 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M429 A8 A8 ak 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M430 A8 A8 al 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M431 A8 A8 am 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M432 A8 A8 an 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M433 A8 A8 ao 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M434 A8 A8 ap 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M435 A8 A8 aq 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M436 A8 A8 ar 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M437 A8 A8 as 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M438 A8 A8 at 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M439 A8 A8 au 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M440 A8 A8 av 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M441 A8 A8 aw 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M442 A8 A8 ax 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M443 A8 A8 ay 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M444 A8 A8 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M445 A8 A8 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M446 A8 A8 bb 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M447 A8 A8 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M448 A8 A8 bd 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M449 A9 A9 a 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M450 A9 A9 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M451 A9 A9 c 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M452 A9 A9 d 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M453 A9 A9 e 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M454 A9 A9 f 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M455 A9 A9 g 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M456 A9 A9 h 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M457 A9 A9 i 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M458 A9 A9 j 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M459 A9 A9 k 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M460 A9 A9 l 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M461 A9 A9 m 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M462 A9 A9 n 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M463 A9 A9 o 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M464 A9 A9 p 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M465 A9 A9 q 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M466 A9 A9 r 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M467 A9 A9 s 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M468 A9 A9 t 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M469 A9 A9 u 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M470 A9 A9 v 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M471 A9 A9 w 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M472 A9 A9 x 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M473 A9 A9 y 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M474 A9 A9 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M475 A9 A9 aa 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M476 A9 A9 ab 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M477 A9 A9 ac 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M478 A9 A9 ad 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M479 A9 A9 ae 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M480 A9 A9 af 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M481 A9 A9 ag 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M482 A9 A9 ah 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M483 A9 A9 ai 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M484 A9 A9 aj 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M485 A9 A9 ak 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M486 A9 A9 al 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M487 A9 A9 am 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M488 A9 A9 an 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M489 A9 A9 ao 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M490 A9 A9 ap 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M491 A9 A9 aq 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M492 A9 A9 ar 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M493 A9 A9 as 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M494 A9 A9 at 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M495 A9 A9 au 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M496 A9 A9 av 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M497 A9 A9 aw 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M498 A9 A9 ax 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M499 A9 A9 ay 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M500 A9 A9 z 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M501 A9 A9 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M502 A9 A9 bb 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M503 A9 A9 ba 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M504 A9 A9 bd 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M505 A10 A10 b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 M506 A1 A1 A1 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M507 A1 A1 A2 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M508 A1 A1 A3 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M509 A1 A1 A4 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M510 A1 A1 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M511 A1 A1 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M512 A1 A1 A6 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M513 A1 A1 A7 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M514 A1 A1 A8 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M515 A1 A1 A9 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M516 A1 A1 A1 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M517 A1 A1 A2 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M518 A1 A1 A3 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M519 A1 A1 A4 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M520 A1 A1 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M521 A1 A1 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M522 A1 A1 A6 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M523 A1 A1 A7 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M524 A1 A1 A8 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M525 A1 A1 A9 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M526 A1 A1 A1 c 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M527 A1 A1 A2 c 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M528 A1 A1 A3 c 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M529 A1 A1 A1 t 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M530 A1 A1 A2 t 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M531 A1 A1 A3 t 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M532 A1 A1 A1 v 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M533 A1 A1 A2 v 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M534 A1 A1 A3 v 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M535 A1 A1 A1 w 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M536 A1 A1 A2 w 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M537 A1 A1 A1 af 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M538 A1 A1 A2 af 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M539 A1 A1 A1 am 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M540 A1 A1 A2 am 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M541 A1 A1 A1 an 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M542 A1 A1 A2 an 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M543 A1 A1 A1 ba 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M544 A1 A1 A2 ba 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M545 A1 A1 A1 bb 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M546 A1 A1 A2 bb 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M547 A1 A1 A1 b 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 M548 A1 A1 A2 b 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 M549 A1 A1 A3 b 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 M550 A1 A1 A1 b 1 0 1 1 0 3 0 M551 A1 A1 A2 b 1 0 1 1 0 3 0 M552 A1 A1 A1 a 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 M553 A1 A1 A2 a 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 M554 A1 A1 A1 b 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 M555 A1 A1 A2 b 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 M556 A2 A2 A1 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M557 A2 A2 A2 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M558 A2 A2 A3 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M559 A2 A2 A4 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M560 A2 A2 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M561 A2 A2 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M562 A2 A2 A6 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M563 A2 A2 A7 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M564 A2 A2 A8 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M565 A2 A2 A9 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M566 A2 A2 A1 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M567 A2 A2 A2 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M568 A2 A2 A3 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M569 A2 A2 A1 v 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M570 A2 A2 A2 v 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M571 A2 A2 A3 v 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M572 A2 A2 A1 b 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 M573 A2 A2 A2 b 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 M574 A2 A2 A3 b 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 M575 A2 A2 A4 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M576 A2 A2 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M577 A2 A2 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M578 A2 A2 A6 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M579 A2 A2 A7 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M580 A2 A2 A8 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M581 A2 A2 A9 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M582 A3 A3 A1 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M583 A3 A3 A2 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M584 A3 A3 A3 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M585 A3 A3 A4 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M586 A3 A3 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M587 A3 A3 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M588 A3 A3 A6 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M589 A3 A3 A7 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M590 A3 A3 A8 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M591 A3 A3 A9 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M592 A3 A3 A1 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M593 A3 A3 A2 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M594 A3 A3 A3 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M595 A3 A3 A4 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M596 A3 A3 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M597 A3 A3 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M598 A3 A3 A6 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M599 A3 A3 A7 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M600 A3 A3 A8 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M601 A3 A3 A9 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M602 A4 A4 A1 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M603 A4 A4 A2 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M604 A4 A4 A3 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M605 A4 A4 A4 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M606 A4 A4 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M607 A4 A4 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M608 A4 A4 A6 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M609 A4 A4 A7 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 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A2 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M644 A6 A6 A3 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M645 A6 A6 A4 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M646 A6 A6 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M647 A6 A6 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M648 A6 A6 A6 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M649 A6 A6 A7 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M650 A6 A6 A8 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M651 A6 A6 A9 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M652 A6 A6 A1 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M653 A6 A6 A2 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M654 A6 A6 A3 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M655 A6 A6 A4 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M656 A6 A6 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M657 A6 A6 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M658 A6 A6 A6 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M659 A6 A6 A7 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M660 A6 A6 A8 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M661 A6 A6 A9 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M662 A7 A7 A1 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M663 A7 A7 A2 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M664 A7 A7 A3 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M665 A7 A7 A4 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M666 A7 A7 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M667 A7 A7 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M668 A7 A7 A6 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M669 A7 A7 A7 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M670 A7 A7 A8 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M671 A7 A7 A9 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M672 A7 A7 A1 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M673 A7 A7 A2 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M674 A7 A7 A3 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M675 A7 A7 A4 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M676 A7 A7 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M677 A7 A7 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M678 A7 A7 A6 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M679 A7 A7 A7 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M680 A7 A7 A8 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M681 A7 A7 A9 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M682 A8 A8 A1 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M683 A8 A8 A2 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M684 A8 A8 A3 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M685 A8 A8 A4 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M686 A8 A8 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M687 A8 A8 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M688 A8 A8 A6 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M689 A8 A8 A7 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M690 A8 A8 A8 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M691 A8 A8 A9 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M692 A8 A8 A1 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M693 A8 A8 A2 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M694 A8 A8 A3 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M695 A8 A8 A4 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M696 A8 A8 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M697 A8 A8 A5 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M698 A8 A8 A6 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M699 A8 A8 A7 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M700 A8 A8 A8 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M701 A8 A8 A9 b 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M702 A9 A9 A1 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M703 A9 A9 A2 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M704 A9 A9 A3 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M705 A9 A9 A4 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M706 A9 A9 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M707 A9 A9 A5 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M708 A9 A9 A6 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 M709 A9 A9 A7 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 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A9 A1 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M744 A1 A10 A1 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M745 A1 A10 A1 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M746 A1 A9 A1 w 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M747 A1 A9 A1 ae 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M748 A1 A9 A1 c 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M749 A2 A1 A2 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M750 A2 A1 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M751 A2 A2 A2 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M752 A2 A2 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M753 A2 A3 A2 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M754 A2 A3 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M755 A2 A3 A2 t 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M756 A2 A3 A2 v 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M757 A2 A3 A2 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M758 A2 A4 A2 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M759 A2 A4 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M760 A2 A5 A2 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M761 A2 A5 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M762 A2 A6 A2 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M763 A2 A6 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M764 A2 A7 A2 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M765 A2 A7 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M766 A2 A8 A2 ag 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M767 A2 A8 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M768 A2 A9 A2 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M769 A2 A9 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M770 A2 A9 A2 w 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M771 A2 A9 A2 ae 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M772 A2 A9 A2 bb 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M773 A2 A10 A2 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M774 A2 A10 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M775 A3 A1 A3 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M776 A3 A1 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M777 A3 A2 A3 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M778 A3 A2 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M779 A3 A3 A3 x 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M780 A3 A3 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M781 A3 A3 A3 t 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M782 A3 A3 A3 v 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M783 A3 A3 A3 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M784 A3 A4 A3 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M785 A3 A4 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M786 A3 A5 A3 s 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M787 A3 A5 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M788 A3 A6 A3 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M789 A3 A6 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M790 A3 A7 A3 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M791 A3 A7 A3 j 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M792 A3 A8 A3 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M793 A3 A8 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M794 A3 A9 A3 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M795 A3 A9 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M796 A3 A9 A3 w 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M797 A3 A9 A3 ae 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M798 A3 A9 A3 bb 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M799 A3 A10 A3 am 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M800 A3 A10 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M801 A4 A1 A4 an 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M802 A4 A1 A4 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M803 A4 A2 A4 as 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M804 A4 A2 A4 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M805 A4 A3 A4 x 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M806 A4 A3 A4 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M807 A4 A3 A4 t 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M808 A4 A3 A4 v 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M809 A4 A3 A4 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M810 A4 A4 A4 au 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M811 A4 A4 A4 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M812 A4 A5 A4 s 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M813 A4 A5 A4 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M814 A4 A6 A4 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M815 A4 A6 A4 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M816 A4 A7 A4 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M817 A4 A7 A4 j 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M818 A4 A8 A4 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M819 A4 A8 A4 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M820 A4 A9 A4 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M821 A4 A9 A4 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M822 A4 A9 A4 w 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M823 A4 A9 A4 ae 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M824 A4 A9 A4 bb 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M825 A4 A10 A4 am 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M826 A4 A10 A4 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M827 A5 A1 A5 an 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M828 A5 A1 A5 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M829 A5 A2 A5 as 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M830 A5 A2 A5 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M831 A5 A3 A5 x 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M832 A5 A3 A5 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M833 A5 A3 A5 t 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M834 A5 A3 A5 v 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M835 A5 A3 A5 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M836 A5 A4 A5 au 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M837 A5 A4 A5 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M838 A5 A5 A5 s 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M839 A5 A5 A5 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M840 A5 A6 A5 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M841 A5 A6 A5 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M842 A5 A7 A5 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M843 A5 A7 A5 j 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M844 A5 A8 A5 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M845 A5 A8 A5 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M846 A5 A9 A5 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M847 A5 A9 A5 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M848 A5 A9 A5 w 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M849 A5 A9 A5 ae 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M850 A5 A9 A5 bb 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M851 A5 A10 A5 am 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M852 A5 A10 A5 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M853 A6 A1 A6 an 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M854 A6 A1 A6 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M855 A6 A2 A6 as 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M856 A6 A2 A6 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M857 A6 A3 A6 x 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M858 A6 A3 A6 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M859 A6 A3 A6 t 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M860 A6 A3 A6 v 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M861 A6 A3 A6 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M862 A6 A4 A6 au 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M863 A6 A4 A6 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M864 A6 A5 A6 s 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M865 A6 A5 A6 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M866 A6 A6 A6 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M867 A6 A6 A6 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M868 A6 A7 A6 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M869 A6 A7 A6 j 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M870 A6 A8 A6 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M871 A6 A8 A6 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M872 A6 A9 A6 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M873 A6 A9 A6 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M874 A6 A9 A6 w 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M875 A6 A9 A6 ae 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M876 A6 A9 A6 bb 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M877 A6 A10 A6 am 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M878 A6 A10 A6 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M879 A7 A1 A7 c 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M880 A7 A1 A7 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M881 A7 A2 A7 l 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M882 A7 A2 A7 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M883 A7 A3 A7 s 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M884 A7 A3 A7 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M885 A7 A3 A7 r 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M886 A7 A3 A7 v 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M887 A7 A3 A7 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M888 A7 A4 A7 aa 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M889 A7 A4 A7 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M890 A7 A5 A7 ad 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M891 A7 A5 A7 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M892 A7 A6 A7 aq 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M893 A7 A6 A7 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M894 A7 A7 A7 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M895 A7 A7 A7 j 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M896 A7 A8 A7 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M897 A7 A8 A7 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M898 A7 A9 A7 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M899 A7 A9 A7 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M900 A7 A9 A7 w 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M901 A7 A9 A7 ae 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M902 A7 A9 A7 bb 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M903 A7 A10 A7 am 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M904 A7 A10 A7 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M905 A8 A1 A8 av 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M906 A8 A1 A8 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M907 A8 A2 A8 az 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M908 A8 A2 A8 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M909 A8 A3 A8 al 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M910 A8 A3 A8 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M911 A8 A3 A8 t 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M912 A8 A3 A8 v 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M913 A8 A3 A8 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M914 A8 A4 A8 au 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M915 A8 A4 A8 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M916 A8 A5 A8 bb 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M917 A8 A5 A8 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M918 A8 A6 A8 bd 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M919 A8 A6 A8 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M920 A8 A7 A8 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M921 A8 A7 A8 bc 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M922 A8 A8 A8 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M923 A8 A8 A8 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M924 A8 A9 A8 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M925 A8 A9 A8 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M926 A8 A9 A8 w 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M927 A8 A9 A8 ae 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M928 A8 A9 A8 bb 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M929 A8 A10 A8 am 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M930 A8 A10 A8 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M931 A9 A1 A9 an 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M932 A9 A1 A9 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M933 A9 A2 A9 as 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M934 A9 A2 A9 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M935 A9 A3 A9 x 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M936 A9 A3 A9 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M937 A9 A3 A9 t 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M938 A9 A3 A9 v 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M939 A9 A3 A9 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M940 A9 A4 A9 au 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M941 A9 A4 A9 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M942 A9 A5 A9 s 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M943 A9 A5 A9 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M944 A9 A6 A9 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M945 A9 A6 A9 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M946 A9 A7 A9 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M947 A9 A7 A9 j 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M948 A9 A8 A9 a 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M949 A9 A8 A9 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M950 A9 A9 A9 d 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M951 A9 A9 A9 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M952 A9 A9 A9 w 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M953 A9 A9 A9 ae 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M954 A9 A9 A9 bb 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M955 A9 A10 A9 am 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M956 A9 A10 A9 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M957 A10 A1 A10 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M958 A1 A1 A2 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M959 A2 A3 A3 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M960 A1 A3 A1 b 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 M961 A1 A8 A1 b 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 M962 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M963 A1 A2 A1 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M964 A1 A3 A1 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M965 A1 A3 A1 A1 A1 b 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 M966 A1 A3 A1 A1 A1 v 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M967 A1 A8 A1 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M968 A1 A9 A1 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M969 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M970 A1 A2 A1 A2 A2 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M971 A1 A3 A1 A2 A2 b 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 M972 A1 A3 A1 A3 A3 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M973 A1 A10 A1 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M974 A1 A3 A1 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 M975 A1 A3 A1 A1 A1 t 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 M976 A1 A10 A1 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 M977 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M978 A2 A1 A2 A2 A2 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M979 A2 A1 A2 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M980 A2 A3 A2 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M981 A2 A8 A2 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M982 A2 A9 A2 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M983 A2 A10 A2 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M984 A2 A3 A2 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 M985 A2 A6 A2 A2 A2 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M986 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 v 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M987 A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M988 A3 A2 A3 A1 A1 c 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M989 A3 A2 A3 A3 A1 u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M990 A3 A2 A1 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M991 A3 A7 A3 A1 A1 s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M992 A3 A5 A3 A1 A1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M993 A3 A10 A3 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M994 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 bc 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M995 A4 A2 A4 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M996 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 bd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M997 A6 A3 A6 A1 A1 a 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 M998 A8 A2 A8 A1 A1 b 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 M999 A9 A7 A9 A2 A2 am 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M1000 A10 A2 A1 A1 A1 u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M1001 A1 b 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1002 A1 t 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1003 A1 v 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1004 A1 am 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1005 A1 as 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1006 A1 m 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1007 A1 b 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 M1008 A2 a 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1009 A3 s 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 M1010 A4 a 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1011 A5 b 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 M1012 A6 b 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1013 A7 w 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 M1014 A8 t 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 M1015 A9 c 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 M1016 A1 A1 A1 b 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 M1017 A1 A1 A1 b 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 M1018 A3 A1 A1 b 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 M1019 A10 A1 A1 b 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 M1020 A3 A2 A2 b 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 M1021 A1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1022 A2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1023 A3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1024 A4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1025 A5 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1026 A6 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1027 A7 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1028 A8 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1029 A9 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1030 A10 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

Preferred specific embodiments of the structural units of the formula (I) are shown in the following table:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

The proportion of structural units of the formula (I) in the polymer is in the range from 1 to 100 mol %. In a preferred embodiment, the proportion of structural units of the formula (I) in the polymer is in the range from 30 to 70 mol %, more preferably in the range from 40 to 60 mol %, based on 100 mol % of all copolymerizable monomers present as structural units in the polymer, meaning that the polymer of the invention, as well as one or more structural units of the formula (I), also has further structural units different from the structural units of the formula (I).

These structural units different from the structural units of the formula (I) include those as disclosed and listed in WO 2002/077060 A1, in WO 2005/014689 A2 and in WO 2013/156130. These are incorporated by reference into the disclosure of the present patent application. The further structural units may come, for example, from the following classes:

-   Group 1: units which influence the hole injection and/or hole     transport properties of the polymers; -   Group 2: units which influence the electron injection and/or     electron transport properties of the polymers; -   Group 3: units having combinations of individual units of group 1     and group 2; -   Group 4: units which alter the emission characteristics in such a     way that electrophosphorescence rather than electrofluorescence is     obtainable; -   Group 5: units which improve the transition from the singlet to the     triplet state; -   Group 6: units which affect the emission colour of the resulting     polymers; -   Group 7: units which are typically used as polymer backbone; -   Group 8: units which interrupt the delocalization of the π electrons     in the polymer and hence shorten the conjugation length in the     polymer.

Preferred polymers of the invention are those in which at least one structural unit has charge transport properties, i.e. those which contain the units from groups 1 and/or 2.

Structural units from group 1 having hole injection and/or hole transport properties are, for example, triarylamine, benzidine, tetraaryl-para-phenylenediamine, triarylphosphine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, dihydrophenazine, thianthrene, dibenzo-para-dioxin, phenoxathine, carbazole, azulene, thiophene, pyrrole and furan derivatives and further O-, S- or N-containing heterocycles.

Structural units from group 2 having electron injection and/or electron transport properties are, for example, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, quinoline, quinoxaline, anthracene, benzanthracene, pyrene, perylene, benzimidazole, triazine, ketone, phosphine oxide and phenazine derivatives, but also triarylboranes and further O-, S- or N-containing heterocycles.

It may be preferable when the polymers of the invention contain units from group 3 in which structures which increase hole mobility and which increase electron mobility (i.e. units from group 1 and 2) are bonded directly to one another, or structures which increase both hole mobility and electron mobility are present. Some of these units may serve as emitters and shift the emission colour into the green, yellow or red. The use thereof is thus suitable, for example, for the creation of other emission colours from originally blue-emitting polymers.

Structural units of group 4 are those which can emit light with high efficiency from the triplet state even at room temperature, i.e. exhibit electrophosphorescence rather than electrofluorescence, which frequently brings about an increase in energy efficiency. Suitable for this purpose, first of all, are compounds containing heavy atoms having an atomic number of more than 36. Preferred compounds are those which contain d or f transition metals, which fulfil the abovementioned condition. Particular preference is given here to corresponding structural units containing elements of groups 8 to 10 (Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt). Useful structural units here for the polymers of the invention include, for example, various complexes as described, for example, in WO 02/068435 A1, WO 02/081488 A1, EP 1239526 A2 and WO 2004/026886 A2. Corresponding monomers are described in WO 02/068435 A1 and in WO 2005/042548 A1.

Structural units of group 5 are those which improve the transition from the singlet to the triplet state and which, used in association with the structural elements of group 4, improve the phosphorescence properties of these structural elements. Useful units for this purpose are especially carbazole and bridged carbazole dimer units, as described, for example, in WO 2004/070772 A2 and WO 2004/113468 A1. Additionally useful for this purpose are ketones, phosphine oxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, silane derivatives and similar compounds, as described, for example, in WO 2005/040302 A1.

Structural units of group 6 are, as well as those mentioned above, those which include at least one further aromatic structure or another conjugated structure which are not among the abovementioned groups, i.e. which have only little effect on the charge carrier mobilities, which are not organometallic complexes or which have no effect on the singlet-triplet transition. Structural elements of this kind can affect the emission colour of the resulting polymers. According to the unit, they can therefore also be used as emitters. Preference is given to aromatic structures having 6 to 40 carbon atoms or else tolane, stilbene or bisstyrylarylene derivatives which may each be substituted by one or more R radicals. Particular preference is given to the incorporation of 1,4- or 9,10-anthrylene, 1,6-, 2,7- or 4,9-pyrenylene, 3,9- or 3,10-perylenylene, 4,4′-tolanylene, 4,4′-stilbenylene, benzothiadiazole and corresponding oxygen derivatives, quinoxaline, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, dihydrophenazine, bis(thiophenyl)arylene, oligo(thiophenylene), phenazine, rubrene, pentacene or perylene derivatives which are preferably substituted, or preferably conjugated push-pull systems (systems substituted by donor and acceptor substituents) or systems such as squarines or quinacridones which are preferably substituted.

Structural units of group 7 are units including aromatic structures having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, which are typically used as the polymer backbone. These are, for example, 4,5-dihydropyrene derivatives, 4,5,9,10-tetrahydropyrene derivatives, fluorene derivatives, 9,9′-spirobifluorene derivatives, phenanthrene derivatives, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene derivatives, 5,7-dihydrodibenzooxepine derivatives and cis- and trans-indenofluorene derivatives, but also 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-phenylene, 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-naphthylene, 2,2′-, 3,3′- or 4,4′-biphenylylene, 2,2′-, 3,3- or 4,4′-terphenylylene, 2,2′-, 3,3′- or 4,4′-bi-1,1′-naphthylylene or 2,2′″-, 3,3′″- or 4,4′″-quaterphenylylene derivatives.

Structural units of group 8 are those that have conjugation-interrupting properties, for example via meta bonding, steric hindrance or use of saturated carbon or silicon atoms. Compounds of this kind are disclosed, for example, in WO2006/063852, WO 2012/048778 and WO 2013/093490. The conjugation-interrupting properties of the structural units of group 8 are manifested inter ala by a blue shift in the absorption edge of the polymer.

Preference is given to polymers of the invention which simultaneously contain, as well as structural units of the formula (I), additionally one or more units selected from groups 1 to 8. Particular preference is given to the structural units of groups 1, 7 and 8. It may likewise be preferable when more than one further structural unit from one of the abovementioned groups is present.

If the polymer of the invention contains one or more units selected from groups 1 to 8, one or more of these units, preferably a unit from group 1, may have one or more crosslinkable groups, preferably one crosslinkable group.

The polymers of the invention are either homopolymers composed of structural units of the formula (I) or copolymers. The polymers of the invention may be linear or branched, preferably linear. Copolymers of the invention may, as well as one or more structural units of the formula (I), potentially have one or more further structures from the above-detailed groups 1 to 8.

The copolymers of the invention may have random, alternating or block structures, or else have two or more of these structures in alternation. More preferably, the copolymers of the invention have random or alternating structures. More preferably, the copolymers are random or alternating copolymers. The way in which copolymers having block structures are obtainable and which further structural elements are particularly preferred for the purpose is described in detail, for example, in WO 2005/014688 A2. This is incorporated into the present application by reference. It should likewise be emphasized once again at this point that the polymer may also have dendritic structures.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the polymers of the invention contain at least one, preferably one, structural unit containing a crosslinkable Q group.

“Crosslinkable Q group” in the context of the present invention means a functional group capable of entering into a reaction and thus forming an insoluble compound. The reaction may be with a further identical Q group, a further different Q group or any other portion of the same or another polymer chain. The crosslinkable group is thus a reactive group. This affords, as a result of the reaction of the crosslinkable group, a correspondingly crosslinked polymer. The chemical reaction can also be conducted in the layer, giving rise to an insoluble layer. The crosslinking can usually be promoted by means of heat or by means of UV radiation, microwave radiation, x-radiation or electron beams, optionally in the presence of an initiator. “insoluble” in the context of the present invention preferably means that the inventive polymer, after the crosslinking reaction, i.e. after the reaction of the crosslinkable groups, has a lower solubility at room temperature in an organic solvent by at least a factor of 3, preferably at least a factor of 10, than that of the corresponding non-crosslinked inventive polymer in the same organic solvent.

The crosslinkable Q group may be introduced into the polymer of the invention as such via a monomer correspondingly substituted by the crosslinkable group. Alternatively and likewise preferably in particular cases, the crosslinkable Q group may be introduced into the polymer via a precursor Q* group which is part of a monomer. In this case, the polymer obtained at first bears the precursor Q* group. In a reaction on the polymer, the Q* group is then converted to the actual crosslinkable Q group. One example of such a precursor Q* group is a terminal aldehyde group, which can be converted to a terminal alkenyl group by a Wittig reaction for example. The latter is then the actual crosslinkable Q group.

The structural unit that bears the crosslinkable Q group may, in a first embodiment, be selected from the structural units of the formula (I).

Preferred structural units correspond to one of the following formulae (I-Q-1) to (I-Q-6):

where Q is a crosslinkable group and is preferably as defined in the preferred embodiments specified below, and where the other variables are as defined above.

Particularly preferred structural units of the formula (I) that comprise a crosslinkable Q group are the following structural units:

where Q is a crosslinkable group and is preferably as defined in the preferred embodiments specified below, and where the other variables are as defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the structural unit that bears the Q group is selected from structural units of the abovementioned groups 1 to 8, preferably from structural units of the abovementioned groups 1, 7 and 8, more preferably from structural units of the abovementioned group 1.

Crosslinkable Q groups preferred in accordance with the invention are the following groups:

a) Terminal or Cyclic Alkenyl or Terminal Dienyl and Alkynyl Groups:

-   -   Suitable units are those which contain a terminal or cyclic         double bond, a terminal dienyl group or a terminal triple bond,         especially terminal or cyclic alkenyl, terminal dienyl or         terminal alkynyl groups having 2 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably         having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, where individual CH₂ groups and/or         individual hydrogen atoms may also be replaced by the         abovementioned R groups.

b) Alkenyloxy, Dienyloxy or Alkynyloxy Groups:

-   -   Additionally suitable are alkenyloxy, dienyloxy or alkynyloxy         groups, preferably alkenyloxy groups.

c) Acrylic Acid Groups:

-   -   Additionally suitable are acrylic acid units in the broadest         sense, preferably acrylic esters, acrylamides, methacrylic         esters and methacrylamides. Particular preference is given to         C₁₋₁₀-alkyl acrylate and C₁₋₁₀-alkyl methacrylate.

The crosslinking reaction of the groups mentioned above under a) to c) can be effected via a free-radical, cationic or anionic mechanism, or else via cycloaddition.

It may be advisable to add an appropriate initiator for the crosslinking reaction. Suitable initiators for the free-radical crosslinking are, for example, dibenzoyl peroxide, AIBN or TEMPO. Suitable initiators for the cationic crosslinking are, for example, AlCl₃, BF₃, triphenylmethyl perchlorate or tropylium hexachloroantimonate. Suitable initiators for the anionic crosslinking are bases, especially butyllithium.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the crosslinking, however, is conducted without the addition of an initiator and is initiated exclusively by thermal means. The reason for this preference is that the absence of the initiator prevents contamination of the layer which could lead to worsening of the device properties.

d) Oxetanes and Oxiranes:

-   -   A further suitable class of crosslinkable Q groups is that of         oxetanes and oxiranes which crosslink cationically via ring         opening.     -   It may be advisable to add an appropriate initiator for the         crosslinking reaction. Suitable initiators are, for example,         AlCl₃, BF₃, triphenylmethyl perchlorate or tropylium         hexachloroantimonate. It is likewise possible to add photoacids         as initiators.

e) Silanes:

-   -   Additionally suitable as a class of crosslinkable groups are         silane groups SiR₃ where at least two R groups, preferably all         three R groups, are Cl or an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon         atoms.     -   This group reacts in the presence of water to give an oligo- or         polysiloxane.

f) Cyclobutane Groups

The crosslinkable Q groups mentioned above under a) to f) are generally known to those skilled in the art, as are the suitable reaction conditions which are used for reaction of these groups.

Preferred crosslinkable Q groups include alkenyl groups of the following formula Q1, dienyl groups of the following formula Q2, alkynyl groups of the following formula Q3, alkenyloxy groups of the following formula Q4, dienyloxy groups of the following formula Q5, alkynyloxy groups of the following formula Q6, acrylic acid groups of the following formulae Q7 and Q8, oxetane groups of the following formulae Q9 and Q10, oxirane groups of the following formula Q11 and cyclobutane groups of the following formulae Q12, Q13 and Q14:

The R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ radicals in the formulae Q1 to Q8, Q11, Q13 and Q14 are the same or different at each instance and are H or a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ are H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl and most preferably H or methyl. The indices used in the formulae Q1 to Q14 are defined as follows: s=0 to 8; and t=1 to 8.

Ar¹⁰ in the formula Q14 is selected from aromatic ring systems which have 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹¹ radicals, and from heteroaromatic ring systems which have 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹¹ radicals.

The dotted bond in the formulae Q1 to Q11 and Q14 and the dotted bonds in the formulae Q12 and Q13 represent the linkage of the crosslinkable group to the structural units.

The crosslinkable groups of the formulae Q1 to Q14 may be joined directly to the structural unit, or else indirectly, via a further mono- or polycyclic, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system Ar¹⁰, as shown in the following formulae Q15 to Q28:

where Ar¹⁰ is selected from automatic ring systems which have 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹¹ radicals, and from heteroaromatic ring systems which have 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and may be substituted by one or more R¹¹ radicals, and where: The R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ radicals are the same or different at each instance and are H or a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ are H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, Isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl and most preferably H or methyl. The indices used in the formulae Q15 to Q28 are defined as follows: s=0 to 8; and t=1 to 8.

Particularly preferred crosslinkable Q groups are as follows:

The R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ radicals are the same or different at each instance and are H or a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, the R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ radicals are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, Isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl and most preferably methyl.

The indices used in formula Q1a to Q28a are defined as follows: s=0 to 8 and t=1 to 8.

Very particularly preferred crosslinkable 0 groups are as follows:

The polymers of the invention containing structural units of the formula (I) are generally prepared by polymerization of one or more monomer types, of which at least one monomer leads to structural units of the formula (I) in the polymer. Suitable polymerization reactions are known to those skilled in the art and are described in the literature. Particularly suitable and preferred polymerization reactions which lead to C—C and C—N couplings are as follows:

(A) SUZUKI polymerization;

(B) YAMAMOTO polymerization;

(C) STILLE polymerization;

(D) HECK polymerization;

(E) NEGISHI polymerization;

(F) SONOGASHIRA polymerization;

(G) HIYAMA polymerization; and

(H) HARTWIG-BUCHWALD polymerization.

How the polymerization can be conducted by these methods and how the polymers can then be separated from the reaction medium and purified is known to those skilled in the art and is described in detail in the literature, for example in WO 03/048225 A2, WO 2004/037887 A2 and WO 2004/037887 A2.

The C—C couplings are preferably selected from the groups of SUZUKI coupling, YAMAMOTO coupling and STILLE coupling; the C—N coupling is preferably a coupling according to HARTWIG-BUCHWALD.

The present invention thus also provides a process for preparing the polymers of the invention, which is characterized in that they are prepared by SUZUKI polymerization, YAMAMOTO polymerization, STILLE polymerization or HARTWIG-BUCHWALD polymerization, more preferably SUZUKI polymerization.

Synthesis of the polymers of the invention requires monomer compounds that introduce structural units of the formula (I) into the polymer.

The invention thus further provides monomers of a formula (M)

where the variables that occur are as defined above, and where X is the same or different at each instance and is a leaving group suitable for a polymerization reaction.

Preferably, X is the same or different at each instance and is selected from H, D, halogens, preferably chlorine, bromine or iodine, O-tosylates, O-triflates, O-sulfonates, boronic acid, boronic esters, partly fluorinated silyl groups, diazonium groups and organotin compounds. When m is 1, the X group bonded to the left-hand side is more preferably selected from halogens, preferably chlorine, bromine or iodine, boronic acid and boronic esters. When m is 0, the X group bonded to the left-hand side is more preferably H. When o is 1, the X group bonded to the right-hand side is more preferably selected from halogens, preferably chlorine, bromine or iodine, boronic acid and boronic esters. When o is 0, the X group bonded to the right-hand side is more preferably H.

For the other variables that occur, preferred embodiments are the same preferred embodiments as specified above for the structural unit of the formula (I).

The monomers are preferably synthesized using Buchwald coupling reactions, Suzuki coupling reactions and bromination reactions. In a preferred process (Scheme 1), a brominated amine is reacted with a boronic acid derivative of the formula

where BS is a boronic acid derivative in a Suzuki coupling reaction. The coupling product obtained is then brominated, which affords a compound of the formula (M) usable as a monomer.

In an alternative preferred process (Scheme 2), an amine is reacted with a halogen-substituted derivative of the following formula:

where BS is a boronic acid derivative and Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system, and x is 0 or 1, in a Buchwald coupling reaction. The coupling product obtained is then brominated, which affords a compound of the formula (M) usable as a monomer.

Monomers of the formula (M) are used to prepare polymers of the invention containing at least one structural unit of the formula (I) as defined above.

The polymers of the invention can be used as a neat substance, or else as a mixture together with any further polymeric, oligomeric, dendritic or low molecular weight substances. A low molecular weight substance is understood in the present invention to mean compounds having a molecular weight in the range from 100 to 3000 g/mol, preferably 200 to 2000 g/mol. These further substances can, for example, improve the electronic properties or emit themselves. A mixture refers above and below to a mixture comprising at least one polymeric component. In this way, it is possible to produce one or more polymer layers consisting of a mixture (blend) of one or more polymers of the invention having a structural unit of the formula (I) and optionally one or more further polymers with one or more low molecular weight substances.

The present invention thus further provides a polymer blend comprising one or more polymers of the invention, and one or more further polymeric, oligomeric, dendritic and/or low molecular weight substances.

The invention further provides solutions and formulations composed of one or more polymers of the invention or a polymer blend in one or more solvents. The way in which such solutions can be prepared is known to those skilled in the art and is described, for example, in WO 02/072714 A1, WO 03/019694 A2 and the literature cited therein.

These solutions can be used in order to produce thin polymer layers, for example by surface coating methods (e.g. spin-coating) or by printing methods (e.g. inkjet printing).

Polymers containing structural units having a crosslinkable Q group are particularly suitable for producing films or coatings, especially for producing structured coatings, for example by thermal or light-induced in situ polymerization and in situ crosslinking, for example in situ UV photopolymerization or photopatterning. It is possible here to use either corresponding polymers in pure form or else formulations or mixtures of these polymers as described above. These can be used with or without addition of solvents and/or binders. Suitable materials, processes and apparatuses for the above-described methods are described, for example, in WO 2005/083812 A2. Possible binders are, for example, polystyrene, polycarbonate, poly(meth)acrylates, polyacrylates, polyvinyl butyral and similar optoelectronically neutral polymers.

Suitable and preferred solvents are, for example, toluene, anisole, o-, m- or p-xylene, methyl benzoate, mesitylene, tetralin, veratrole, THF, methyl-THF, THP, chlorobenzene, dioxane, phenoxytoluene, especially 3-phenoxytoluene, (−)-fenchone, 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylbenzothiazole, 2-phenoxyethanol, 2-pyrrolidinone, 3-methylanisole, 4-methylanisole, 3,4-dimethylanisole, 3,5-dimethylanisole, acetophenone, α-terpineol, benzothiazole, butyl benzoate, cumene, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, cyclohexylbenzene, decalin, dodecylbenzene, ethyl benzoate, indane, methyl benzoate, NMP, p-cymene, phenetole, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene, dibenzyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl methyl ether, triethylene glycol butyl methyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 2-isopropylnaphthalene, pentylbenzene, hexylbenzene, heptylbenzene, octylbenzene, 1,1-bis(3,4-dimethylphenyl)ethane or mixtures of these solvents.

The present invention thus further provides for the use of a polymer containing structural units having a crosslinkable Q group for preparation of a crosslinked polymer. The crosslinkable group, which is more preferably a vinyl group or alkenyl group, is preferably incorporated into the polymer by the WITTIG reaction or a WITTIG-like reaction. If the crosslinkable group is a vinyl group or alkenyl group, the crosslinking can take place via free-radical or ionic polymerization, which can be induced thermally or by radiation. Preference is given to free-radical polymerization which is induced thermally, preferably at temperatures of less than 250° C., more preferably at temperatures of less than 230° C.

Optionally, during the crosslinking process, an additional styrene monomer is added in order to achieve a higher degree of crosslinking. Preferably, the proportion of the added styrene monomer is in the range from 0.01 to 50 mol %, more preferably 0.1 to 30 mol %, based on 100 mol % of all the copolymerized monomers present as structural units in the polymer.

The present invention thus also provides a process for preparing a crosslinked polymer, comprising the following steps:

-   -   (a) providing polymers containing structural units having one or         more crosslinkable Q groups; and     -   (b) free-radical or ionic crosslinking, preferably free-radical         crosslinking, which can be induced either thermally or by         radiation, preferably thermally.

The crosslinked polymers prepared by the process of the invention are insoluble in all standard solvents. In this way, it is possible to produce defined layer thicknesses which are not dissolved or partly dissolved again even by the application of subsequent layers.

The present invention thus also relates to a crosslinked polymer obtainable by the aforementioned process. The crosslinked polymer is—as described above—preferably produced in the form of a crosslinked polymer layer. Because of the insolubility of the crosslinked polymer in all solvents, a further layer can be applied from a solvent to the surface of such a crosslinked polymer layer by the above-described techniques.

The polymers of the invention can be used in electronic or optoelectronic devices or for production thereof.

The present application thus further provides for the use of the polymers of the invention in electronic or optoelectronic devices, preferably in organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic integrated circuits (O—ICs), organic thin-film transistors (TFTs), organic solar cells (O—SCs), organic laser diodes (O-laser), organic photovoltaic (OPV) elements or devices or organic photoreceptors (OPCs), more preferably in organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs).

The present application further provides a device selected from the abovementioned devices, comprising at least one polymer of the invention. Preferably, the polymer here is present in a hole-transporting layer.

Apart from cathode, anode, emitting layer and hole-transporting layer, the organic electroluminescent device may also comprise further layers. These are selected, for example, from in each case one or more hole injection layers, hole transport layers, hole blocker layers, electron transport layers, electron injection layers, electron blocker layers, exciton blocker layers, interlayers, charge generation layers (IDMC 2003, Taiwan; Session 21 OLED (5), T. Matsumoto, T. Nakada, J. Endo, K. Mori, N. Kawamura, A. Yokoi, J. Kido, Multiphoton Organic EL Device Having Charge Generation Layer) and/or organic or inorganic p/n junctions.

The sequence of the layers in the organic electroluminescent device comprising the polymer of the invention is preferably as follows:

anode-hole injection layer-hole transport layer-optionally further hole transport layer(s)-emitting layer-optionally hole blocker layer-electron transport layer-cathode. It is additionally possible for further layers to be present in the OLED.

Preferred embodiments of OLEDs comprising the polymer of the invention are hybrid devices in which one or more layers which are processed from solution and one or more layers which are produced by vapour deposition of low molecular weight substances are present. These are also referred to as combined PLED/SMOLED (polymeric light emitting diode/small molecule organic light-emitting diode) systems. Preferably, in the device of the invention, the layers between the anode and emitting layer and the emitting layer are applied from solution, and the layers between the emitting layer and cathode are preferably applied by a sublimation method.

Layers from solution are preferably produced by spin-coating, or by any printing method, for example screen printing, flexographic printing, nozzle printing or offset printing, more preferably LITI (light-induced thermal imaging, thermal transfer printing) or inkjet printing.

In the case of application of layers by means of sublimation, the materials are applied by vapour deposition in vacuum sublimation systems at an initial pressure of less than 10⁻⁵ mbar, preferably less than 10⁻⁶ mbar. In this case, however, it is also possible that the initial pressure is even lower, for example less than 10⁻⁷ mbar.

In an alternative embodiment, one or more layers are applied by the OVPD (organic vapour phase deposition) method or with the aid of a carrier gas sublimation. In this case, the materials are applied at a pressure between 10⁻⁵ mbar and 1 bar. A special case of this method is the OVJP (organic vapour jet printing) method, in which the materials are applied directly by a nozzle and thus structured (for example M. S. Arnold et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 053301).

The way in which OLEDs can be produced is known to those skilled in the art and is described in detail, for example, as a general process in WO 2004/070772 A2, which has to be adapted appropriately to the individual case.

The polymers of the invention are especially suitable for use in a hole-transporting layer of an OLED. A hole-transporting layer is especially understood here to mean a layer that adjoins the emitting layer on the anode side.

However, the polymers of the invention can also be used in a hole injection layer (HIL), In a hole blocker layer (HBL) and in an emitting layer. When the polymers are used in an emitting layer, they preferably function as a matrix material and especially function as a hole-transporting and/or as a wide-bandgap matrix material. A hole injection layer is especially understood to mean a layer which directly adjoins the anode and is arranged between the anode and a hole transport layer. A hole blocker layer is especially understood to mean a layer which directly adjoins the emitting layer on the cathode side and is arranged between the emitting layer and an electron transport layer.

Preferred embodiments of the different functional materials in the electronic device are listed hereinafter.

Preferred fluorescent emitting compounds are selected from the class of the arylamines. An arylamine or an aromatic amine in the context of this invention is understood to mean a compound containing three substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems bonded directly to the nitrogen. Preferably, at least one of these aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems is a fused ring system, more preferably having at least 14 aromatic ring atoms. Preferred examples of these are aromatic anthraceneamines, aromatic anthracenediamines, aromatic pyreneamines, aromatic pyrenediamines, aromatic chryseneamines or aromatic chrysenediamines. An aromatic anthraceneamine is understood to mean a compound in which a diarylamino group is bonded directly to an anthracene group, preferably in the 9 position. An aromatic anthracenediamine is understood to mean a compound in which two diarylamino groups are bonded directly to an anthracene group, preferably in the 9,10 positions. Aromatic pyreneamines, pyrenediamines, chryseneamines and chrysenediamines are defined analogously, where the diarylamino groups are bonded to the pyrene preferably in the 1 position or 1,6 positions. Further preferred emitting compounds are indenofluoreneamines or -diamines, for example according to WO 2006/108497 or WO 2006/122630, benzoindenofluoreneamines or -diamines, for example according to WO 2008/006449, and dibenzoindenofluoreneamines or -diamines, for example according to WO 2007/140847, and the indenofluorene derivatives having fused aryl groups disclosed in WO 2010/012328. Likewise preferred are the pyrenearylamines disclosed in WO 2012/048780 and in WO 2013/185871. Likewise preferred are the benzoindenofluoreneamines disclosed in WO 2014/037077, the benzofluoreneamines disclosed in WO 2014/106522, the extended benzoindenofluorenes disclosed in WO 2014/111269 and in WO 2017/036574, the phenoxazines disclosed in WO 2017/028940 and WO 2017/028941, and the fluorene derivatives bonded to furan units or to thiophene units that are disclosed in WO 2016/150544.

Particular preference is given to the extended benzoindenofluorenes disclosed in WO 2014/111269 for use as fluorescent emitters in the emitting layer.

Preferred fluorescent emitters for use in the emitting layer of devices comprising the polymers of the invention are shown below:

Useful matrix materials, preferably for fluorescent emitting compounds, include materials of various substance classes. Preferred matrix materials are selected from the classes of the oligoarylenes (e.g. 2,2′,7,7′-tetraphenylspirobifluorene according to EP 676461 or dinaphthylanthracene), especially of the oligoarylenes containing fused aromatic groups, the oligoarylenevinylenes (e.g. DPVBi or spiro-DPVBi according to EP 676461), the polypodal metal complexes (for example according to WO 2004/081017), the hole-conducting compounds (for example according to WO 2004/058911), the electron-conducting compounds, especially ketones, phosphine oxides, sulfoxides, etc. (for example according to WO 2005/084081 and WO 2005/084082), the atropisomers (for example according to WO 2006/048268), the boronic acid derivatives (for example according to WO 2006/117052) or the benzanthracenes (for example according to WO 2008/145239). Particularly preferred matrix materials are selected from the classes of the oligoarylenes comprising naphthalene, anthracene, benzanthracene and/or pyrene or atropisomers of these compounds, the oligoarylenevinylenes, the ketones, the phosphine oxides and the sulfoxides. Very particularly preferred matrix materials are selected from the classes of the oligoarylenes comprising anthracene, benzanthracene, benzophenanthrene and/or pyrene or atropisomers of these compounds. An oligoarylene in the context of this invention shall be understood to mean a compound in which at least three aryl or arylene groups are bonded to one another. Preference is further given to the anthracene derivatives disclosed in WO 2006/097208, WO 2006/131192, WO 2007/065550, WO 2007/110129, WO 2007/065678, WO 2008/145239, WO 2009/100925, WO 2011/054442 and EP 1553154, the pyrene compounds disclosed in EP 1749809, EP 1905754 and US 2012/0187826, the benzanthracenylanthracene compounds disclosed in WO 2015/158409, the indenobenzofurans disclosed in WO 2017/025165, and the phenanthrylanthracenes disclosed in WO 2017/036573.

Preferred matrix materials for fluorescent emitters for use in the emitting layer of devices comprising the polymers of the invention are shown below:

Suitable phosphorescent emitting compounds (=triplet emitters) are especially compounds which, when suitably excited, emit light, preferably in the visible region, and also contain at least one atom of atomic number greater than 20, preferably greater than 38, and less than 84, more preferably greater than 56 and less than 80. Preference is given to using, as phosphorescent emitting compounds, compounds containing copper, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum, silver, gold or europium, especially compounds containing iridium, platinum or copper. In the context of the present invention, all luminescent iridium, platinum or copper complexes are considered to be phosphorescent emitting compounds.

Examples of the above-described emitting compounds can be found in applications WO 00/70655, WO 01/41512, WO 02/02714, WO 02/15645, EP 1191613, EP 1191612, EP 1191614, WO 05/033244, WO 05/019373 and US 2005/0258742. In general, all phosphorescent complexes as used for phosphorescent OLEDs according to the prior art and as known to those skilled in the art in the field of organic electroluminescent devices are suitable.

Preferred matrix materials for phosphorescent emitting compounds are aromatic ketones, aromatic phosphine oxides or aromatic sulfoxides or sulfones, for example according to WO 2004/013080, WO 2004/093207, WO 2006/005627 or WO 2010/006680, triarylamines, carbazole derivatives, e.g. CBP (N,N-biscarbazolylbiphenyl) or the carbazole derivatives disclosed in WO 2005/039246, US 2005/0069729, JP 2004/288381, EP 1205527 or WO 2008/086851, indolocarbazole derivatives, for example according to WO 2007/063754 or WO 2008/056746, indenocarbazole derivatives, for example according to WO 2010/136109, WO 2011/000455 or WO 2013/041176, azacarbazole derivatives, for example according to EP 1617710, EP 1617711, EP 1731584, JP 2005/347160, bipolar matrix materials, for example according to WO 2007/137725, silanes, for example according to WO 2005/111172, azaboroles or boronic esters, for example according to WO 2006/117052, triazine derivatives, for example according to WO 2010/015306, WO 2007/063754 or WO 2008/056746, zinc complexes, for example according to EP 652273 or WO 2009/062578, diazasilole or tetraazasilole derivatives, for example according to WO 2010/054729, diazaphosphole derivatives, for example according to WO 2010/054730, bridged carbazole derivatives, for example according to US 2009/0136779, WO 2010/050778, WO 2011/042107, WO 2011/088877 or WO 2012/143080, triphenylene derivatives, for example according to WO 2012/048781, or lactams, for example according to WO 2011/116865 or WO 2011/137951.

Suitable charge transport materials as usable in the hole injection or hole transport layer or electron blocker layer or in the electron transport layer of the electronic device of the invention are, as well as the polymers of the invention, for example, the compounds disclosed in Y. Shirota et al., Chem. Rev. 2007, 107(4), 953-1010, or other materials as used in these layers according to the prior art.

Materials used for the electron transport layer may, as well as the compounds of the invention, be any materials as used according to the prior art as electron transport materials in the electron transport layer. Especially suitable are aluminium complexes, for example Alq₃, zirconium complexes, for example Zrq₄, lithium complexes, for example Liq, benzimidazole derivatives, triazine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, pyridine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, quinoline derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, aromatic ketones, lactams, boranes, diazaphosphole derivatives and phosphine oxide derivatives. Further suitable materials are derivatives of the abovementioned compounds as disclosed in JP 2000/053957, WO 2003/060956, WO 2004/028217, WO 2004/080975 and WO 2010/072300.

Preferred cathodes of the electronic device are metals having a low work function, metal alloys or multilayer structures composed of various metals, for example alkaline earth metals, alkali metals, main group metals or lanthanoids (e.g. Ca, Ba, Mg, Al, In, Mg, Yb, Sm, etc.). Additionally suitable are alloys composed of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal and silver, for example an alloy composed of magnesium and silver. In the case of multilayer structures, in addition to the metals mentioned, it is also possible to use further metals having a relatively high work function, for example Ag or Al, in which case combinations of the metals such as Ca/Ag, Mg/Ag or Ba/Ag, for example, are generally used. It may also be preferable to introduce a thin interlayer of a material having a high dielectric constant between a metallic cathode and the organic semiconductor. Examples of useful materials for this purpose are alkali metal or alkaline earth metal fluorides, but also the corresponding oxides or carbonates (e.g. LiF, Li₂O, BaF₂, MgO, NaF, CsF, Cs₂CO₃, etc.). It is also possible to use lithium quinolinate (LIQ) for this purpose. The layer thickness of this layer is preferably between 0.5 and 5 nm.

Preferred anodes are materials having a high work function. Preferably, the anode has a work function of greater than 4.5 eV versus vacuum. Firstly, metals having a high redox potential are suitable for this purpose, for example Ag, Pt or Au. Secondly, metal/metal oxide electrodes (e.g. Al/Ni/NiO_(x), Al/PtO_(x)) may also be preferred. For some applications, at least one of the electrodes has to be transparent or partly transparent in order to enable the irradiation of the organic material (organic solar cell) or the emission of light (OLED, O-LASER). Preferred anode materials here are conductive mixed metal oxides. Particular preference is given to indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide (IZO). Preference is further given to conductive doped organic materials, especially conductive doped polymers. In addition, the anode may also consist of two or more layers, for example of an inner layer of ITO and an outer layer of a metal oxide, preferably tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide or vanadium oxide.

According to the invention, the electronic devices comprising one or more polymers of the invention can be used in displays, as light sources in lighting applications and as light sources in medical and/or cosmetic applications (e.g. light therapy).

EXAMPLES A) Synthesis Examples 1) Synthesis of the Monomers of the Invention

1-1) The following building blocks (BB) are used for the synthesis of the monomers for preparation of the polymers of the invention:

a) Tetralin-Analogous Building Blocks

b) Amine Building Blocks

1-2) Suzuki reaction of the tetralin-analogous building blocks and the amine building blocks to give coupling products

Example Reaction

Into a 2 litre four-neck flask with precision glass stirrer, heating bath, reflux condenser and argon connection are weighed 57 g (176 mmol) of BB-501, 57.7 g (176 mmol, 1 eq.) of BB-020, 10.16 g (9 mmol, 0.05 eq) of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (CAS: 14221-01-3) and 53.46 g (387 mmol, 2.2 eq) potassium carbonate, and the system is inertized with protective gas. 400 ml of toluene, 250 ml of 1,4-dioxane and 115 ml of water are added, and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux for 24 h. After cooling, the mixture is diluted with water, the organic phase is separated off and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is repeatedly recrystallized from heptane and then sublimed. 34.8 g (44.42%, 78 mmol) of the colourless solid DB-1031 are obtained.

The following structures can be obtained by the same method and with similar yields:

1-3) Buchwald reaction of the tetralin-analogous building blocks with amine building blocks to give coupling products

Into a 2 litre four-neck flask with precision glass stirrer, reflux condenser and argon connection are weighed 81 g (288 mmol) of BB-051, 53.61 g (317 mmol, 1.1 eq) of BB-750, 41.5 g (432 mmol, 1.5 eq) of sodium tert-butoxide, 2.36 g (5.76 mmol, 0.02 eq) of 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-methoxybiphenyl (SPhos), 647 mg (2.88 mmol, 0.01 eq) of palladium(II) acetate, and 600 ml of toluene, 500 ml of ethanol and 350 ml of water are added. The reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 48 hours, left to cool, and diluted with 500 ml of water and 500 ml of toluene, and the phases are separated. The organic phase is filtered through neutral alumina and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. 500 ml of ethanol are added to the residue, which is stirred at 50° C. overnight. The solids are filtered off with suction and dried under reduced pressure. 65.4 g (177 mmol, 61% yield) of a colourless solid BB-2013 are obtained.

The following structures can be obtained by the same method and with similar yields:

1-4) Bromination of the coupling products to give the monomer compounds

in a 4 litre four-neck flask with a reflux condenser, argon connection, precision glass stirrer and heating bath, 130.4 g (292.6 mmol) of BB-1031 are dissolved in 2500 ml of dichloromethane, 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid is added, and 104.2 g (585.2 mmol, 2 eq) of N-bromosuccinimide (CAS: 128-08-5) are added in portions. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature with exclusion of light for 24 h and extracted with water, and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is boiled in 1500 ml of ethanol, and the solids are filtered off with suction and recrystallized repeatedly from methyl ethyl ketone and heptane. 115.9 g (192 mmol, 65.6% yield) of the inventive monomer MON-0032 are obtained as a colourless solid.

The following monomers of the invention can be obtained by the same method and with similar yields:

2) Further Monomers Used:

Synthesis by publication/CAS Monomer Structure number MON-01-Br

WO 2013/156130 MON-01-BE

WO 2013/156130 Mon-02-BE

WO 99/048160 A1 MON-20-BE

CAS 374934-77-7 MON-21-BE

CAS 1257064-91-7 Mon-22-BE

CAS 850264-92-5 MON-30-Br

WO 2010/097155 MON-30-BE

WO 2010/097155 MON-31-Br

WO 2013/156130 MON-31-BE

WO 2013/156130 MON-32-BE

WO 2009/102027 MON-32-Br

CAS 852534-20-4 Mon-40-Br

Macromolecules 2000, 33, 2016-2020 Mon-40-BE

CAS 628303-20-8 Mon-41-BE

WO 2003/020790 Mon-42-BE

WO 2005/104264

3) Synthesis of the Polymers

The comparative polymers V1 and V2 and the inventive polymers Po1 to Po22 are prepared by SUZUKI coupling by the process described in WO 2003/048225 from the monomers disclosed above.

In the preparation of the polymers, the monomers specified below are used in the reaction mixture in the corresponding percentages, as specified below. The polymers V1 and V2 and Po1 to Po22 prepared in this way contain the structural units, after elimination of the leaving groups, in the percentages reported in the table below (percent figures=mol %).

In the case of the polymers which are prepared from monomers having aldehyde groups, the latter are converted to crosslinkable vinyl groups after the polymerization by WITTIG reaction by the process described in WO 2010/097155 (examples with synthesis method on pages 36/37). The polymers listed correspondingly in the table below thus have crosslinkable vinyl groups rather than the aldehyde groups originally present.

The palladium and bromine contents of the polymers are determined by ICP-MS. The values determined are below 10 ppm.

The molecular weights M_(w) and the polydispersities D are determined by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (model: Agilent HPLC System Series 1100, column: PL-RapidH from Polymer Laboratories; solvent: THF with 0.12% by volume of o-dichlorobenzene; detection: UV and refractive index; temperature: 40° C.). Calibration is effected with polystyrene standards.

Direct Comparisons:

Polymer MON A % MON B % MON C % Mw/D V1 MON-40-Br 50 MON-01-BE 40 MON-30-BE 10 125 K/2.3 V2 MON-01-Br 30 MON-20-BE 50 MON-30-Br 20  65 K/2.7 Po1 MON-40-BE 50 Mon-0032 40 MON-30-Br 10 135 K/2.4 Po2 Mon-0032 30 MON-20-BE 50 MON-30-Br 20  70 K/3.1

In addition, the following inventive polymers are prepared using the monomer building blocks Mon-0032, Mon-0033, Mon-0036, Mon-0039, Mon-0042, Mon-0043, Mon-0054, Mon-0084, Mon-0164, Mon-0406, Mon-0410, Mon-0429, Mon-1006, Mon-1013, Mon-1031, Mon-1040, Mon-1041 and Mon-1049 (for structures see table above).

Polymer MON A % MON B % MON C % MON D % Mw/D Po3 MON- 50 Mon- 40 MON- 10 150 K/2.3 40-BE 0042 30-Br Po4 Mon- 30 MON- 50 MON- 20 55 K/3.2 0054 01-BE 32-BE Po5 Mon- 30 MON- 50 MON- 20 80 K/4.1 0032 20-BE 32-Br Po6 MON- 40 Mon- 50 MON- 20 180 K/2.5 041-BE 1031 31-BE Po7 Mon- 20 MON- 50 MON- 20 MON- 10 45 K/3.6 1013 21-BE 01-Br 30-Br Po8 MON- 25 MON- 50 Mon- 25 120 K/4.5 40-Br 22-BE 0406 Po9 MON- 50 Mon- 40 MON- 10 125 K/2.1 40-BE 0429 30-Br Po10 MON- 50 Mon- 40 MON- 10 95 K/2.3 40-BE 0164 30-Br Po11 MON- 50 Mon- 40 MON- 10 90 K/2.6 41-BE 0084 032-Br Po12 MON- 50 Mon- 40 MON- 10 105 K/3.0 40-BE 0036 31-Br Po13 Mon- 50 MON- 50 80 K/2.9 1041 30-BE Po14 Mon- 50 MON- 30 MON- 20 65 K/2.8 1049 01-BE 30-BE Po15 Mon- 50 MON- 30 MON- 20 55 K/4.2 1040 02-BE 32-BE Po16 MON- 50 Mon- 30 MON- 20 85 K/2.5 042-BE 1006 31-Br Po17 Mon- 30 Mon- 20 MON- 30 MON- 20 50 K/3.1 0406 0410 01-BE 30-BE Po18 MON- 50 Mon- 40 MON- 10 105 K/3.0 40-BE 0043 032-Br Po19 MON- 50 Mon- 30 MON- 20 95 K/2.4 42-BE 0033 032-Br Po20 MON- 40 Mon- 50 MON- 10 75 K/2.6 041-BE 0039 30-BE Po21 Mon- 40 MON- 50 MON- 10 85 K/2.6 0032 20-BE 30-Br Po22 Mon- 30 MON- 50 MON- 20 50 K/3.8 0032 01-BE 30-Br

B) Examples of Improved Dissolution Characteristics

Concentration of the solutions: 7 mg/ml, solvent: 3-phenoxytoluene

V1 Po1 V2 Po2 Time 47 38 52 42 required for complete dissolution (min) Δ (min) 9 10

The time before the total amount of polymer has gone into solution is about 20% shorter for the polymers of the invention.

C) Device Examples

The polymers of the invention can be processed from solution. Solution-processed OLEDs are much more easily producible than vacuum-processed OLEDs and nevertheless have good properties.

There are already many descriptions of the production of such solution-based OLEDs in the literature, for example in WO 2004/037887 and WO 2010/097155. The process is matched to the circumstances described hereinafter (variation in layer thickness, materials). The inventive polymers are used in two different layer sequences:

Structure A is as follows:

-   -   substrate,     -   ITO (50 nm),     -   hole injection layer (HIL) (20 nm),     -   hole transport layer (HTL) (20 nm),     -   emission layer (EML) (60 nm),     -   hole blocker layer (HBL) (10 nm)     -   electron transport layer (ETL) (40 nm),     -   cathode (Al) (100 nm).

Structure B is as follows:

-   -   substrate,     -   ITO (50 nm),     -   hole injection layer (HIL) (20 nm),     -   hole transport layer (HTL) (20 nm),     -   emission layer (EML) (30 nm),     -   hole blocker layer (HBL) (10 nm)     -   electron transport layer (ETL) (40 nm),     -   cathode (Al) (100 nm).

Substrates used are glass plates coated with structured ITO (indium tin oxide) of thickness 50 nm. The hole injection layer is applied by means of spin-coating in an inert atmosphere. For this purpose, a hole-transporting crosslinkable polymer and a p-doping salt are dissolved in toluene. Corresponding materials have been described in WO 2016/107668, WO 2013/081052 and EP2325190 inter alia. For a resulting layer thickness of 20 nm, a solids content of 6 mg/ml is used. The layer is subsequently baked on a hotplate at 200° C. in an inert gas atmosphere for 30 minutes. The hole transport and emission layers are then applied to these coated glass plates.

The hole transport layers used are the compounds of the invention and comparative compounds, each dissolved in toluene. The solids content of these solutions is 5 mg/ml, since layer thicknesses of 20 nm are to be achieved by means of spin-coating. The layers are spun on in an inert gas atmosphere and baked on a hotplate at 220° C. for 30 minutes.

The emission layer for structure A is composed of the host materials H2 and H3 and the emitting dopant D2. All three materials are present in the emission layer in a proportion by weight of 30% H2, 55% H3 and 15% D2. The mixture for the emission layer is dissolved in toluene. The solids content of this solution is 18 mg/ml, since layer thicknesses of 60 nm are to be achieved by means of spin-coating. The layers are spun on in an inert gas atmosphere and baked at 150° C. for 10 minutes.

The emission layer for structure B is composed of the host material H1 and the emitting dopant D1. The two materials are present in the emission layer in a proportion by weight of 92% H1 and 8% D1. The mixture for the emission layer is dissolved in toluene. The solids content of this solution is 9 mg/ml, since layer thicknesses of 30 nm are to be achieved by means of spin-coating. The layers are spun on in an inert gas atmosphere and baked at 150° C. for 10 minutes.

The materials used in the present case are shown in Table C1.

TABLE C1 Structural formulae of the materials used in the emission layer

H1

D1

H2

H3

D2

The materials for the hole blocker layer and electron transport layer are applied by thermal vapour deposition in a vacuum chamber and are shown in Table C2. The hole blocker layer consists of ETM1. The electron transport layer consists of the two materials ETM1 and ETM2, which are blended by co-evaporation in a proportion by volume of 50% each.

TABLE C2 HBL and ETL materials used

ETM1

ETM2

The cathode is formed by the thermal evaporation of an aluminium layer of thickness 100 nm.

The OLEDs are characterized in a standard manner. For this purpose, the electroluminescence spectra, current-voltage-luminance characteristics (IUL characteristics) assuming Lambertian radiation characteristics and the (operating) lifetime are determined. The IUL characteristics are used to determine parameters, for example the external quantum efficiency (in %) at a particular brightness. LD80 @ 1000 cd/m is the lifetime until the OLED, given a starting brightness of 1000 cd/m, has dropped to 80% of the starting intensity, i.e. to 800 cd/m.

The properties of the different OLEDs are summarized in Tables C3a, C3b and C3c.

Examples C01 and C02 are comparative examples; all the other examples show properties of OLEDs comprising hole transport polymers of the invention. Blue- and green-emitting OLEDs comprising the materials of the invention as HTL are produced.

TABLE C3a Properties of the OLEDs Efficiency Voltage at 1000 at 1000 LD80 at HTL Component cd/m² cd/m² 10 000 cd/m² Example polymer structure % EQE [V] [h] C01 V1 A 18.2 4.8 552 C03 Po1 A 18.6 4.8 764

TABLE C3b Properties of the OLEDs Efficiency at LD80 at HTL Component 1000 cd/m² 1000 cd/m² Example polymer structure % EQE [h] C02 V2 B 7.0 204 C04 Po2 B 7.1 223

As shown by the results in Tables C3a and C3b, the polymers of the invention, when used as hole transport layer in green-phosphorescing and blue-fluorescing OLEDs, result in improvements over the prior art, in particular in relation to lifetime, efficiency and voltage.

TABLE C3c Properties of the OLEDs Efficiency at Voltage at LD80 at LD80 at HTL Component 1000 cd/m² 1000 cd/m² 10 000 cd/m² 1000 cd/m² Example polymer structure % EQE [V] [h] [h] C05 Po21 B 7.5 — — 236 C06 Po5 B 7.6 — — 210 C07 Po22 A 17.7 3.2 537 —

Table 3c shows the efficiency and lifetime of OLEDs comprising the inventive polymers Po5, Po21 and Po22. The polymers mentioned achieve good results for these parameters.

The further polymers Po3, Po4 and Po6-Po20 too can be used in the same way as shown above to produce blue-fluorescing or green-phosphorescing OLEDs. These also have good properties, especially good lifetime and efficiency.

In addition, it has been found that polymers containing structural units having one or more R¹ groups, especially alkyl groups, as substituents on the ring system consisting of the U groups achieve better properties of the OLEDs than polymers containing structural units unsubstituted on the ring system consisting of the U groups. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A polymer comprising at least one structural unit of formula (I):

wherein U is the same or different in each instance and is C(R¹)₂, CR¹═CR¹, Si(R¹)₂, O, or S, wherein the groups CR¹═CR¹, O, and S are not bonded directly to one another; Z is the same or different in each instance and is N or CR² when no group is bonded thereto, and is C when a group is bonded thereto; Ar¹, Ar², Ar³, Ar⁴, and Ar⁵ are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of heteroaromatic ring systems, which have 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and which are optionally substituted by one or more R³ radicals, and aromatic ring systems which have 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and are optionally substituted by one or more R³ radicals; R¹ is the same or different in each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, C(═O)R⁴, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, N(R⁴)₂, P(═O)(R⁴)₂, OR⁴, S(═O)R⁴, S(═O)₂R⁴, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR4—, NR4, P(═O)(R⁴), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO2; R² and R³ are the same or different in each instance and are selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, C(═O)R⁴, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, N(R⁴)₂, P(═O)(R⁴)₂, OR⁴, S(═O)R⁴, S(═O)₂R⁴, straight-chain alkyl, or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; wherein two or more R¹ or R² or R³ radicals are optionally joined to one another and optionally define a ring; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁴—, NR⁴, P(═O)(R⁴), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO₂; R⁴ is the same or different in each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, C(═O)R⁵, CN, Si(R⁵)₃, N(R⁵)₂, P(═O)(R⁵)₂ OR⁵, S(═O)R⁵, S(═O)₂R⁵, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; wherein two or more R⁴ radicals are optionally joined to one another and optionally define a ring; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁵ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁵C═CR⁵—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁵)₂, C═O, C═NR⁵, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁵—, NR⁵, P(═O)(R⁵), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO₂; R⁵ is the same or different in each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; where two or more R⁵ radicals may be joined to one another and may forma ring; and where the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may be substituted by F or CN; r is 1, 2, or 3 when p is 1, and is 1 when p is 0; s is 0, 1, 2, or 3 when q is 1, and is 1 when q is 0; p is 0 or 1; wherein, when p is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index p are bonded directly to one another; q is 0 or 1; wherein, when q is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index q are bonded directly to one another; n is 0 or 1, wherein, when n is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index n are bonded directly to one another; m is 0 or 1, wherein, when m is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index m are bonded directly to one another; o is 0 or 1, wherein, when o is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index o are bonded directly to one another; i is the same or different in each instance and is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; wherein at least one U group containing one or more R¹ groups selected from the group consisting of straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms is present; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁴—, NR⁴, P(═O)(R⁴), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO₂.
 2. The polymer of claim 1, wherein Ar¹, Ar², Ar³, Ar⁴, and Ar⁵ are the same or different in each instance and are selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, indenofluorene, spirobifluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, indenocarbazole, and indolocarbazole, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more R¹ radicals.
 3. The polymer of claim 1, wherein R¹ is the same or different in each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, straight-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and branched alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
 4. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the two U groups directly adjacent to the bridgehead carbon atom are each substituted with an R¹ radical selected from the group consisting of F, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, OR⁴, straight-chain alkyl and alkoxy groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched alkyl and alkoxy groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and aromatic ring systems having 6 to 20 aromatic ring atoms and wherein the alkyl and alkoxy groups and the aromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals.
 5. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the units:

in the structural unit of formula (I) are selected from the group consisting of units of formula (E-1):

wherein the free bond denotes the bond to the rest of the structural unit of formula (I).
 6. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the units:

in the structural unit of formula (I) are selected from the group consisting of the following units:

wherein the dotted line denotes the bond to the rest of the structural unit of formula (I).
 7. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the structural element corresponds to the formula (I) of any of the formulae (I-1) to (I-6)


8. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the proportion of structural units of formula (I) in the polymer is in the range of from 30 to 70 mol %, based on 100 mol % of all copolymerizable monomers present as structural units in the polymer.
 9. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises at least one structural unit comprising a crosslinkable Q group.
 10. The polymer of claim 9, wherein the crosslinkable Q group is selected from the group consisting of the following formulae:

wherein R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are the same or different in each instance and are selected from the group consisting of H and straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; s is an integer from 0 to 8; t is an integer from 1 to 8; and Ar¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of aromatic ring systems which have 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and are optionally substituted by one or more R¹¹ radicals and heteroaromatic ring systems which have 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and are optionally substituted by one or more R¹¹ radicals; and wherein the dotted bond denotes the bond to the rest of the formula.
 11. A polymer prepared via the crosslinking reaction of a polymer of claim
 9. 12. A mixture comprising one or more polymers of claim 1 and one or more further polymeric, oligomeric, dendritic, and/or low molecular weight substances.
 13. A solution comprising one or more polymers of claim 1 and one or more solvents.
 14. An electronic device comprising at least one polymer of claim
 1. 15. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the at least one polymer is present in a layer selected from the group consisting of hole-transporting layer, hole injection layer, electron blocker layer, and emitting layer.
 16. A process for preparing the polymer of claim 1 comprising conducting a polymerization selected from the group consisting of Suzuki polymerization, Yamamoto polymerization, Stille polymerization, Heck polymerization, Negishi polymerization, Sonogashira polymerization, Hiyama polymerization, and Hartwig-Buchwald.
 17. A monomer of formula (M):

U is the same or different in each instance and is C(R¹)₂, CR¹═CR¹, Si(R¹)₂, O, or S, wherein groups selected from CR¹═CR¹, O, and S are not bonded directly to one another; Z is the same or different in each instance and is N or CR² when no group is bonded thereto, and is C when a group is bonded thereto; X is the same or different in each instance and is a leaving group suitable for a polymerization reaction; Ar¹, Ar², Ar³, Ar⁴, and Ar⁵ are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of heteroaromatic ring systems, which have 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and which are optionally substituted by one or more R³ radicals, and aromatic ring systems which have 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and are optionally substituted by one or more R³ radicals; R¹ is the same or different in each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, C(═O)R⁴, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, N(R⁴)₂, P(═O)(R⁴)₂, OR⁴, S(═O)R⁴, S(═O)₂R⁴, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁴—, NR⁴, P(═O)(R⁴), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO₂; R and R³ are the same or different in each instance and are selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, C(═O)R⁴, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, N(R⁴)₂, P(═O)(R⁴)₂, OR⁴, S(═O)R⁴, S(═O)₂R⁴, straight-chain alkyl, or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; wherein two or more R¹ or R² or R³ radicals are optionally joined to one another and optionally define a ring; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁴—, NR⁴, P(═O)(R⁴—O—, —S—, SO, or SO₂; R⁴ is the same or different in each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, C(═O)R⁵, CN, Si(R⁵)₃, N(R⁵)₂, P(═O)(R⁵)₂, OR⁵, S(═O)R⁵, S(═O)₂R⁵, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; wherein two or more R⁴ radicals are optionally joined to one another and optionally define a ring; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁵ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁵C═CR⁵—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁵)₂, C═O, C═NR⁵, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁵—, NR⁵, P(═O)(R⁵), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO₂; R⁵ is the same or different in each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; where two or more R⁵ radicals may be joined to one another and may forma ring; and where the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may be substituted by F or CN; r is 1, 2, or 3 when p is 1, and is 1 when p is 0; s is 0, 1, 2, or 3 when q is 1, and is 1 when q is 0; p is 0 or 1; wherein, when p is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index p are bonded directly to one another; q is 0 or 1; wherein, when q is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index q are bonded directly to one another; n is 0 or 1, wherein, when n is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index n are bonded directly to one another; m is 0 or 1, wherein, when m is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index m are bonded directly to one another; o is 0 or 1, wherein, when o is 0, the groups bonded to the unit between square brackets with index o are bonded directly to one another; i is the same or different in each instance and is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; and wherein at least one U group containing one or more R¹ groups selected from the group consisting of straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms is present; wherein two or more R¹ or R² or R³ radicals are optionally joined to one another and optionally define a ring; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁴—, NR⁴, P(═O)(R⁴), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO₂.
 18. The polymer of claim 1, wherein R² and R³ are the same or different in each instance and are selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, C(═O)R⁴, CN, Si(R⁴)₃, N(R⁴)₂, P(═O)(R⁴)₂, OR⁴, S(═O)R⁴, S(═O)₂R⁴, straight-chain alkyl, or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁴ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁴C═CR⁴—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁴)₂, C═O, C═NR⁴, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁴—, NR⁴, P(═O)(R⁴), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO₂; R⁴ is the same or different in each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, C(═O)R⁵, CN, Si(R⁵)₃, N(R⁵)₂, P(═O)(R⁵)₂ OR⁵, S(═O)R⁵, S(═O)₂R⁵, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups and the aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems are each optionally substituted by one or more R⁵ radicals; and wherein one or more CH₂ groups in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups are optionally replaced by —R⁵C═CR⁵—, —C≡C—, Si(R⁵)₂, C═O, C═NR⁵, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR⁵—, NR⁵, P(═O)(R⁵), —O—, —S—, SO, or SO₂; R⁵ is the same or different in each instance and is selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, CN, alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic ring systems having 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms and heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms; and where the alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, aromatic ring systems and heteroaromatic ring systems mentioned may be substituted by F or CN. 